AGAZAR M. and SAADEDDINE H., “Characterisation of combined High Voltage and high current sensors with very low output voltages”, Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2019), Németh B. Eds, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 599, Springer, 2020, 1257-1265, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31680-8_120.

AGAZAR M., FORTUNÉ D., SAADEDDINE H., GARNACHO F. and ROVIRA J., “Characterisation of High Voltage Dividers for X-ray Measurements”, Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2019), Németh B. Eds, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 599, Springer, 2020, 929-940, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31680-8_90.

ALLAL D., LIU Z., COX M. and WIART J., “Discrepancies of measured SAR between traditional and fast measuring systems”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17, 6, 2111, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062111.

BLANC I., “Bilateral comparison report of DC resistance (1 mΩ, 100 Ω and 100 MΩ) between LNE (France) and KIM-LIPI (Indonesia)”, Metrologia, 2020, 57, 1A Techn. Suppl., 01007, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/57/1A/01007.

BLANC I., SARDJONO H. and SYAHADI M., “Supplementary comparison EURAMET EM-S41 bilateral comparison of DC voltage reference standards (1,018 V and 10 V) (EURAMET.EM-S41)”, Metrologia, 2020, 57, 1A Techn. Suppl., 01014, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/57/1A/01014.

COUEDO F., AMARI P., FEUILLET-PALMA C., ULYSSE C., SRIVASTAVA Y.K., SINGH R., NICOLAS BERGEAL N. and LESUEUR J., “Dynamic properties of high-T_c superconducting nano-junctions made with a focused helium ion beam”, Scientific Reports, 2020, 10, 1, 10256, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66882-1.

GREGORY A.P., QUELEVER K., ALLAL D. and JAWAD O., “Validation of a broadband tissue-equivalent liquid for SAR measurement and monitoring of its dielectric properties for use in a sealed phantom”, Sensors, 2020, 20, 10, 2956, DOI: 10.3390/s20102956.

HÄLLSTRÖM J., ELG A.-P., HAVUNENE J. and GARNACHO F., (Others participants: AGAZAR M., MEISNER J., ROCCATO P., MEREV A., WAKIMOTO T., ZHAO W., LI Y., DIAZ R., PARKS H. and DUBROVSKAYA T.), “Supplementary comparison EURAMET.EM-S42, comparison of lightning impulse (LI) reference measuring systems”, Metrologia, 2021 (on line 17Dec2020), 58, 1A Techn. Suppl., 01001, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/58/1A/01001.

ISTRATE D., AMARIPADATH D., TOUTAIN E., ROCHE R. and GAO F., “Traceable measurements of harmonic (2 to 150) kHz emissions in smart grids: uncertainty calculation”, Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems, 2020, 9, 2, 375–381, DOI: 10.5194/jsss-9-375-2020.

ISTRATE D., KHAMLICHI A., SOCCALINGAME S., ROVIRA D., FORTUNÉ D., SIRA M., SIMON P. and GARNACHO F. “Laboratory Calibration of Energy Measurement Systems (EMS) under AC Distorted Waveforms”, Sensors, 2020, 20, 21, 6301, DOI: 10.3390/s20216301.

MÉZIÈRES N., FUCHS B., LE COQ L., LERAT J.-M., CONTRERES R. and LE FUR G., “Fast antenna characterization improvement by pattern rotations”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3031479.

MÉZIÈRES N., FUCHS B., LE COQ L., LERAT J-M., CONTRERES R. and LE FUR G., “On the application of sparse spherical harmonic expansion for fast antenna far-field measurements”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2020, 19, 5, 746-750, DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2020.2978170.

MORAN-MEZA J., DELVALLÉE A., ALLAL D. and PIQUEMAL F., “A substitution method for nanoscale capacitance calibration using scanning microwave microscopy”, Measurement Science and Technology, 2020, 31, 7, (NanoScale 2019), 074009, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6501/ab82c1.

SCHOPFER F., “Quantum electrical metrology and the revised International System of units – SI”, Ecole doctorale de physique de Grenoble - M2 Matière Quantique, 28 janvier 2020.

ISTRATE D., AMARIPADATH D., TOUTAIN E., ROCHE R. and GAO F., “Traceable measurements of harmonic (2 – 150 kHz) emissions in smart grids”, Sensor and Measurement Science International (SMSI 2020), System of Units and Metrological Infrastructure, Nuremberg, Germany, 22-25 juin 2020, Online event, Proceedings: DOI: 10.5162/SMSI2020/E3.2.

AGAZAR M. and OUAMEUR M., “Compensated high input impedance stage for the measurements of four terminals resistors up to 20 kHz”, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191846.

CALLEGARO L., SCHOPFER F., THÉVENOT O., MICHON A. et al., “The EMPIR Project GIQS: Graphene Impedance Quantum Standard”, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191743.

CROTTI G., van den BROM H.E., MOHNS E., TINARELLI R., LUISO M., STYBLIKOVA R., AGAZAR M., CAYCI H., MAZZA P., MEYER J. and ALMUTAIRI M., “Measurement methods and procedures for assessing accuracy of instrument transformers for power quality measurements”, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191698.

DJORDJEVIC S., POIRIER W., DRUNG D. and GÖTZ M., “Comparison of the Programmable Quantum Current Generator and an Ultrastable Low-noise Current Amplifier”, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191863.

KAZEMIPOUR A., HOFFMANN J., WOLLENSACK M., ALLAL D., HUDLICKA M., RUEFENAC J., STALDER D. and ZEIER M., “VNA-based material characterization in THz domain without classic calibration and time-gating”, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191818.

KHAN M.S., AGAZAR M. and LE BIHAN Y., “Development of a standard measuring system for high-voltage nanosecond pulse measurements”, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191925.

PHAM BUI T.D., ALLAL D., ZIADÉ F. and BERGEAULT E., “Nonlinear uncertainty propagation of on-wafer mixed-mode S parameter measurements using Multimode-TRL calibration”, CPEM 2020 du 24 au 28 août 2020, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191841.

THEVENOT O., IMANALIEV A., DOUGDAG K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Progress report on the LNE Thompson- Lampard Calculable Capacitor microwave microscope”, Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Joint NCSLI/CPEM 2020, 24-28 August 2020, Virtual meeting, Proceedings DOI: 10.1109/CPEM49742.2020.9191720.

SCHOPFER F., “Quantum electrical metrology: revised SI and perspective from QT - The quantum Hall effect”, Ecole doctorale de physique de Grenoble - M2 Matière Quantique, 6 octobre 2020.

MEZIERES N., FUCHS B., LE COQ L., LERAT J.M., CONTRERES R. and LE FUR G., “Application and improvement of fast antenna characterisation via sparse spherical harmonic expansion”, 42nd Annual Meeting and Symposium of the Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA 2020), 2-5 novembre 2020, Online meeting: https://amta2020.vfairs.com/en/.

ELG A.P., GARNACHO F., AGAZAR M., MEISNER J., MEREV A., HOUTZAGER E., HAELLSTROEM J., LAHTI K., MIER ESCURRA C., PLATERO C.A., MICAND T., STEINER T. and VOSS A., “Research project EMPIR 19ENG02 Future Energy”, VDE Hochspannungstechnik 2020, 9-11 November 2020, Online Event, Proceedings: ETG-Fb. 162, e-book: ISBN 978-3-8007-5355-0.

MEISNER J., GOCKENBACH E., SAADEDDINE H., HAVUNEN J., SCHICHLER U., ELG A.P., GARNACHO F., ROCCATO P.E., MEREV A., LAHTI K., BACKHAUS K., ORREA A. and STEINER T., “Support for standardisation of high voltage testing with composite and combined wave shapes”, VDE Hochspannungstechnik 2020, 9-11 November 2020, Online Event, Proceedings: ETG-Fb. 162, e-book: ISBN 978-3-8007-5355-0.

GARNACHO F., ROVIRA J., KHAMLICHI A., SIMÓN P., GARCÍA T. and ISTRATE D., “Calibration set-up for energy measuring systems installed in AC railway systems”, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (IEEE VPPC 2020), 18 Nov – 16 Dec. 2020, Gijon, Spain, Online Event.

The comparison of electrical quantities expressed in units of the International System of Units (SI) and the same quantities generated from quantum effects is a direct way of determining physical constants. The determination of the von Klitzing constant (quantum of resistance) from a calculable capacitor is a part of this process. The last determination of this constant was conducted at LNE in 2000 with an uncertainty of 5×10^-8. To achieve a target uncertainty of 1×10^-8, the LNE decided to build a new standard capacitor and improve the associated measurement chain. The work presented here is implemented in the framework of the design/amelioration and the characterization of the measurement chain leading to the relative uncertainty of 1×10^-8. Exploratory studies were also conducted about the possible partial or full automation of elements of the measurement chain.

PhD thesis: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01480637v1

coaxial AC bridges for impedance comparison, standard transformers, metrology, electricity, instrumentation

Multi-Jonction Solar Cells (MJSCs) are leading the way of high efficiency photovoltaic devices, with conversion efficiency up to 46%. Their subcells are designed to absorb in a specific and complementary range of the solar spectrum, and are connected in series with tunnel junctions. The tandem architecture InGaP/GaAs - with bandgaps of 1.87 eV and 1.42 eV respectively - is mature and its efficiency could be enhanced by incorporating subcell(s) with bandgaps of 1 eV and/or 0.7 eV. The Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) growth of such low bandgap materials has thus to be developed, as well as low-resistive tunnel junctions with good structural and optical properties.

Based on the MBE growth and the simulation of GaAs tunnel junctions, we have identified interband tunneling as the predominant transport mechanism in such devices rather than trap-assisted-tunneling. The interband tunneling mechanism could be enhanced with the type II GaAsSb/InGaAs heterostructure. Using this material system, we have then demonstrated tunnel junctions with very low electrical resistivity with a limited degradation of the optical and structural properties inherently induced by the use of low band-gap and lattice-mismatched GaAsSb and InGaAs materials.

Moreover, we fabricated an innovative AlInGaAs/AlGaAsSb tunnel junction as a graded buffer architecture that could be used for the incorporation of a 1 eV metamorphic subcell. We then developed and characterized InGaAsN(Bi) materials with band-gaps of ~1eV, taking advantage of in-situ wafer curvature measurements during the MBE growth to control the lattice-mismatch.

Preliminary solar cells based on GaAs, 1 eV dilute nitride and metamorphic InGaAs have been fabricated and characterized validating the developed tunnel junction architectures. This work has enabled to demonstrate the potential of the type II GaAsSb/InGaAs heterostructure to meet the challenges posed by the conception and the fabrication of GaAsbased MJSCs, both for the tunnel junction and the 1 eV subcell.

PhD thesis: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02016465v2

photovoltaic, epitaxy, multi-junction solar cells, III-V semiconductors, tunnel junction

The future International System of Units, based on fundamental constants, will allow to take full advantage of the quantum standards of resistance, current and voltage that are linked to the planck constant and the elementary charge only. In this thesis, we have developed and studied a resistance standard based on the quantum Hall effect in graphene obtained by chemical vapor deposition (propane/hydrogen) on silicon carbide substrate. For the first time we were able to show that a graphene resistance standard could operate at more practical experimental conditions than its counterpart in GaAs/AlGaAs, ie at higher temperatures (T = 10 K), weaker magnetics fields (B = 3,5 T) and larger measurement currents (I = 500 μA). From an understanding and improvement perspective, we have analyzed the fabrication process of the Hall bar and its reproducibility, tested a method to modify the electronic density, and investigated the quantum Hall effect dissipation mechanisms. In a second part, we have demonstrated that it was possible to realize a programmable and versatile quantum current source from the elementary charge, by combining the two quantum standards of voltage and resistance in a quantum circuit integrating a cryogenic current comparator. Currents were generated in the range from 1 μA to 5 mA, with a relative uncertainty never achieved before of 10⁻⁸. We have also showed that this current standard, realizing the new definition of the ampere, could be used to calibrate an ammeter.

PhD thesis: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01973021v1

metrology, quantum Hall effect

Differential circuits are widely used in the design of high frequency components mainly because of their better noise immunity. These circuits can be characterized using mixed-mode S parameters (differential- and common-mode S-parameters and cross-mode terms). Furthermore, the trend toward miniaturization and integration of microwave devices increases the need for planar or coplanar microwave integrated circuits such as micro-strip lines or coplanar waveguides. The ungrounded coplanar waveguide structure with all the conductors located on the same side of the substrate eliminates the need for via-holes, and thus simplifies manufacturing and prevents the appearance of some parasitic elements. From the viewpoint of electrical metrology, it is necessary to establish the traceability of the mixed-mode S-parameter measurements to the International System of Units (SI). The Multimode Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) calibration method, derived from the commonly-used TRL calibration for S-parameter measurements of single-ended circuits, is particularly well suited for this purpose as the standards are traceable via dimensional measurements. The characteristic impedance, which defines the reference impedance of the measurement system, can be achieved from the propagation constants determined during the Multimode TRL calibration and the capacitances per unit length of the transmission line.

We present the first design and realization of Multimode TRL calibration and verification kits using coupled coplanar lines in the “Ground - Signal - Ground - Signal – Ground” configuration on quartz (SiO₂), the low-loss substrate, for on-wafer mixed-mode S-parameter measurements from 1 GHz to 40 GHz.

Measurements are performed using two methods: the “one-tier” technique, based on the Multimode TRL calibration procedure, determines and corrects all systematic errors. The “two-tier” approach, in which the Multimode TRL is applied at the second-tier, is applied to measurement data that were partially corrected by the first calibration. The feasibility and the validation of the methods are demonstrated by measurements of matched, mismatched and unbalanced lines and T-attenuators showing good agreement between simulated and measured results.

The propagation of uncertainty can be derived by the calculation of partial derivatives using the Metas.Unclib tool or by the numerical approach based on the Monte Carlo technique. The accuracy of on-wafer S-parameter measurements depends on sources of influence attributed to the measurements and to the imperfections of the standards such as the VNA noise and non-linearity, the cable stability, the measurement repeatability, and the sensitivity in calibration standards’ realization. We focus, first and foremost, on the propagation of uncertainties related to the repeatability of the standards and the device under test measurements to the corrected mixed-mode S-parameters of the mismatched line. The results show that the partial derivatives approach based on an approximation of the first-order Taylor series cannot be accurately used due to the significant influences of non-linear functions in the Multimode TRL algorithm. The Monte Carlo method is then more precise although it requires very long computation time.

four-port vector network analyzer, differential circuit, multimode TRL calibration, coupled coplanar waveguide, mixed-mode scattering parameters, measurement uncertainty

PhD thesis: https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02313999

Measuring high alternating currents over a wide frequency bandwidth is essential for many applications including the monitoring of the electrical distribution network and the development of electric vehicles. In the first case, current measurement is necessary to quantify the quality of the grid in the presence of harmonics from intermittent renewable energies with a large frequency spectrum (several hundred kilohertz). In the second case, current measurement (up to several tens of amperes) is used to quantify the efficiency of an electric motor's traction chain: in current measurement, it is essential to take into account a large number of harmonics (up to 1 MHz) to ensure an accurate knowledge of the motor's efficiency. Resistors of low values, called “shunt”, are then mandatory to measure high currents. Shunts are widely used as a resistance standard in metrology laboratories and precision instruments. Their use requires the preliminary knowledge of the following two parameters according to the frequency: Impedance phase shift; relative variation of the impedance magnitude according to its DC resistance value, this parameter is called “AC-DC difference”. For a current level of 10 A, the impedance of existing shunts shows strong variations in magnitude and phase for frequencies above 100 kHz. In addition, in National Metrology Institutes, to calibrate shunts beyond 1 A the measurement methods currently used are limited in magnitude up to 100 kHz and phase up to 200 kHz; and provide access to only one of the two parameters: magnitude or phase of impedance. The aim of this thesis is to extend the calibration capabilities of high current sensors up to 10 A and 1 MHz and thus improve the traceability of AC current measurements. Firstly, we developed a 10 A shunt standard whose electromagnetic (up to 10 MHz) and thermal responses are fully calculable: at 1 MHz the phase shift and transposition deviation are -0.01 mrad and 15 ppm respectively. Secondly, we developed a traceable calibration method to measure shunts up to 10 MHz. The measurement method, based on the use of a vector network analyzer, allows the AC-DC deviation and impedance phase of a shunt to be measured simultaneously with relative uncertainties less than 1×10⁻³ at 1 MHz.

uncertainly, current measurement, calibration, current shunts, impedance, modeling

PhD thesis: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02035347

As the worldwide concern for the climate change and its effects are growing, the governments are forced to make strong decisions in favour of the implementation of the smart electrical grids. However, the success of these actions strongly depends on meeting the certain requirements of the electricity system raised by the quality of the energy supplied and the means to assess it. The smart electrical networks have to tackle the challenges raised by the increasing uptake of the renewable energy sources, such as the photovoltaic (PV), wind, etc. and the equipment, such as photovoltaic inverters (PVI), electric vehicle chargers (EVC), etc. This introduces a complex dynamic operating environment for the distribution system. The distortions coming from the new generation and load equipment are generally larger and less regular than those due to the traditional generation and load equipment, making the power and energy measurements difficult to perform. In this context, the thesis aims to quantify and reproduce the supraharmonic emissions in the frequency range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz. Therefore, the existing literature on the supraharmonic emissions in the frequency range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz is studied. The 4-channel measurement system is designed and implemented for the measurement of the fundamental and supraharmonic components of the voltage and current waveforms in the frequency range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz in the electrical network. The measurements are carried out in the EDF’s Concept Grid platform. The individual equipment characterization and electrical network tests are carried out here. The waveforms acquired during the measurement campaigns are processed mathematically using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) algorithm. The mathematical and statistical processing of the acquired waveforms helps to determine the individual effects and interactions of the different parameters in the generation of the supraharmonic emissions in the electrical network. The various parameters, such as the primary and secondary emissions, effects of the cable length, effects of the sudden addition and removal of the load equipment are also studied. The thesis describes the design of the complex waveform platform, which can be used for the laboratory testing and the characterization of the power quality analyzers (PQA) in the frequency range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz. In the electrical networks, the waveform platform can be used to measure the supraharmonic emissions in the frequency range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz. The software architecture of the waveform platform is described here. In addition, the paper explains the hardware design of the waveform platform. It also includes the laboratory and electrical network applications of the waveform platform. The laboratory setup for the characterization of the PQA and the measurement schema for the electrical network waveforms are also depicted here. The uncertainty budget for the waveform platform is calculated considering the various factors, such as the cable length, noise, etc. are discussed in the thesis. Finally, the PQA is characterized in the frequency range of 2 to 150 kHz with respect to the waveform platform for varying emission amplitudes.

power quality, renewable energy sources, smart grids, supraharmonic emissions, waveform platform

PhD thesis: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02498270

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FELTIN N., DEVOILLE L., STECK B., PIQUEMAL F., ULYSSE C. et JIN Y., « Un nouvel outil pour la métrologie électrique: le dispositif à un électron », Revue française de métrologie, 2, 2005, 11-34.

KAZEMIPOUR A. et BEGAUD X., “Calculable dipole antenna for EMC measurements with low-loss wide-band balun from 30 MHz to 2 GHz”, Journal of Electromagnetics, 25, 3, avril 2005, 187-202.

KAZEMIPOUR A. et BEGAUD X., “Analytical study of the printed dipole. Closed-form formula of impedance”, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 45, 4, 2005, 345-347.

MARULLO-REETZ G. et al, “Comparison of Euromet EM-K8 of DC voltage ratio: results”, IEEE Trans on Instr. and Meas., 54, 2 (numéro spécial sur CPEM 2004), 2005.

ESPEL P., « Le nouvel étalon de puissance BF », Journée des métrologues du LNE, Paris, France, 5 avril 2005.

ZIADE F., KAZEMIPOUR A., ALLAL D. et BERGEAULT E., « Faisabilité d’un étalon calculable de puissance HF », XIV^es Journées nationales micro-ondes (JNM), Nantes, France, mai 2005.

KAZEMIPOUR A. et BEGAUD X., « Modèle filaire d’une antenne large-bande bipolarisation de géométrie complexe », XIV^es Journées nationales micro-ondes (JNM), Nantes, France, mai 2005.

PIQUEMAL F., « La supraconductivité en métrologie », 2^es Journées SUPRA, Observatoire de Paris, France, 19-20 mai 2005.

DEVOILLE L., FELTIN N. et STECK B., “LNE-LPN joint project on the fabrication of SET devices and CCC”, Workshop Euromet DC&Quantum electrical metrology, 23-25 mai 2005, Bern, Suisse.

POIRIER W. et SCHOPFER F., “QHARS: Last results”, Workshop EUROMET DC&Quantum electrical metrology, Bern, Suisse, 23-25 mai 2005.

DJORDJEVIC S. et CANCELA P., “Characterization of different types of Josephson arrays with a new transportable He flow cryostat”, Workshop Euromet DC&Quantum electrical metrology, Bern, Suisse, 23-25 mai 2005.

PIQUEMAL F., “The MERA and iMERA projects”, Workshop Euromet DC&Quantum electrical metrology, Bern, Suisse, 23-25 mai 2005.

PONS C., MONNOYE O. et KÄMPFER H., “Electrical measurements: Quality is here to stay”, International Symposium on Testing of electrical equipment for medium and high voltage networks, Les Renardières, France, mai 2005.

DROUART P. et ALLAL D., « La mesure de bruit au LNE », 12^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lyon, France, 20-23 juin 2005.

MONNOYE O. et BLANC I., « Méthodes d’échantillonnage électrique : application aux mesures de tension à très basse fréquence », 12^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lyon, France, 20-23 juin 2005.

POLETAEFF A., ALLAL D. et LEPRAT D., « Transposition alternatif-continu en tension jusqu’à 100 MHz au LNE », 12^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lyon, France, 20-23 juin 2005.

RUCHAUD N., « Mesures des très faibles courants et des résistances de fortes valeurs par la méthode d’intégration », 12^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lyon, France, 20-23 juin 2005.

THEVENOT O., TRAPON G. et BOUNOUH A., « Fabrication et étalonnage de transformateurs étalons au LNE », 12^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lyon, France, 20-23 juin 2005.

BOUNOUH A. et CADEAU-BELIARD S., “Calculations of AC resistance standard characteristics with Flux3D software”, VII Conference on advanced mathematical and computational tools in metrology, Lisbonne, Portugal, juin 2005.

ZIADÉ F., KAZEMIPOUR A., ALLAL D. et BERGEAULT E., “Optimized time-domain electromagnetic simulator for RF power standards”, VII Conference on advanced mathematical and computational tools in metrology, Lisbonne, Portugal, juin 2005.

KAZEMIPOUR A. et BEGAUD X., “Simple Closed-Form Formula for the Impedance of Printed Dipole”, IEEE international conference on AP-S/URSI, Washington, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, juillet 2005.

STECK B., DEVOILLE L., FELTIN N., PIQUEMAL F., ULYSSE C. et JIN Y., “Towards a quantum current standard: a single electron device connected to a CCC”, TNT 2005: Trends in NanoTechnology, Oviedo, Espagne, septembre 2005.

BOUNOUH A., LAMY S. et LAPOSTOLLE F., “Coaxial AC resistance standards up to 10 kW manufactured by LNE”, VI^th SEMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brésil, septembre 2005.

ESPEL P. et SVENSSON S., “Phase angle errors applying dual channel sampling”, VI^th SEMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brésil, septembre 2005.

STECK B., “Towards a quantum current standard: a single electron device connected to a CCC”, Ecole thématique de Physique mésoscopique du GDR n° 2426, Aussois, France,
25 septembre – 5 octobre 2005.

DEVOILLE L., DJORDJEVIC S., FELTIN N. GONZALEZ-CANO A., POIRIER W., SCHOPFER F. et STECK B., « Métrologie quantique », Réunion pléniaire du GDR Physique quantique mésoscopique n° 2426, 5-7 octobre 2005, Aussois, France.

KAZEMIPOUR A., ALLAL D. et BEGAUD X., “How to relate the roughness of the ground-plane to the EMC antenna calibration uncertainty in an open-field site?”, XXVIII^e assemblée générale de l’URSI, New Delhi, Inde, 23-29 octobre 2005.

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POIRIER W., « Quantification et universalité de la résistance en régime d’effet Hall quantique entier : un point de vue de métrologue », Groupe de travail sur les unités de base et les constantes fondamentales de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, France, 6 décembre 2005.

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EIØ C., ADAMSON D., RANDA J., ALLAL D. et UZDIN R., “CCEM.RF-K18.CL (GT-RF/00-1): Noise in 50 coaxial line at frequencies up to 1 GHz”, Metrologia Tech. Suppl., 43, 2006, 01004.

GALLOP J. et PIQUEMAL F., “The SQUID Handbook. Vol.II: SQUIDs for Standards & Metrology”, chapitre 9, Clarke J. et Braginski A.I., Wiley, Berlin, 2006, ISBN 9783527404087.

GALLOP J. et PIQUEMAL F., « Une revue des applications métrologiques des SQUID », Revue française de métrologie, 8, 2006, 13-43.

POLETAEFF A., “CCEM-K9 comparison of AC–DC high voltage standards”, Metrologia Tech. Suppl., 43, 2006, 01001.

POLETAEFF A., “Euromet 557 comparison Euromet.EM-K9 of AC–DC high voltage standards”, Metrologia Tech. Suppl., 43, 2006, 01003.

ZIADÉ F. et KAZEMIPOUR A., “Using CST simulator for metrological application: RF power standards”, CST-Computer Simulation Technology meeting, Boppard, Allemagne, 9-10 mars 2006.

THEVENOT O., « L'étalon calculable de capacité de type Lampard Thompson au LNE et son application à la détermination de R_K », Séminaire  au BIPM, 15 mars 2006.

POIRIER W., « Métrologie électrique quantique: unités, constantes fondamentales, étalons du triangle métrologique, mise en œuvre de l’effet Hall quantique », Séminaire au CEA/SPEC, Saclay, France, 3 mai 2006.

ALLAL D., “Key comparison CCEM.RF-K9 of noise standards between 12.4 GHz and 18 GHz”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

BOUNOUH A., LAPOSTOLLE F., LAMY S. et CONSÉJO C., “Sputtered thin films for coaxial AC/DC resistance standards”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

DJORDJEVIC S., POLETAEFF A., BEHR R. et PALAFOX L., “AC-DC transfer measurements of ac waveform synthesized using a sinis Josephson junction array”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

ESPEL P., “A new standard wattmeter at LNE”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

GENEVÈS G., GOURNAY P., HAUCK C., DJORDJEVIC S. et BEHR R.,“Characterization of a programmable voltage standard based on a sinis josephson junctions array for the french watt balance experiment”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

GOEBEL R., DELAHAYE F., JECKELMANN B., SCHOPFER F. et POIRIER W., “Preliminary investigation of the use of quantum Hall array resistance standards as traveling standards”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

POLETAEFF A. et LEPRAT D.,”International comparison of AC-DC high voltage transfer standards”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

RUCHAUD N., LEPRAT D., MONNOYE O., DASILVA R. et BLANC I., “Measurement of ultra-low currents and high resistances using the integrating method”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

SCHOPFER F. et POIRIER W., “Quantum Hall effect Wheatstone bridge”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

STECK B., FELTIN N., DEVOILLE L., GONZALES-CANO A., PIQUEMAL F., ULYSSE C. et LOTKHOV S., “Investigation of metrological limitations due to frequency effects in R-pumps: a contribution to the metrological triangle”, 25th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

THEVENOT O., CONSÉJO C., BOUNOUH A., LACUEILLE J.C., DAVID J.M., NOIRÉ P., CUQ M. et DIOLEZ G., “Application of the dissociated metrological structure for the cylindricity measurement of calculable cross capacitor electrodes”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

ZIADÉ F., KAZEMIPOUR A., BERGEAULT E., ALLAL D. et BOURGHES M., “Toward a calculable RF power standard”, 25^th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), Turin, Italie, 9-14 juillet 2006.

KAZEMIPOUR A. et BEGAUD X., “Novel bipolarization broadband wire antenna”, IEEE-APS International symposium, Albuquerque, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, 9-14 juillet 2006.

PIQUEMAL F., “Single charge tunneling in Metrology: towards new quantum standards”, Enrico Fermi International School of Physics, Varenne, Italie, 18-28 juillet 2006.

PIQUEMAL F., “Closing the quantum metrological triangle: Why and How?”, Enrico Fermi International School of Physics, Varenne, Italie, 18-28 juillet 2006.

SCHOPFER F. et POIRIER W., “New developments in the metrological application of the quantum Hall effect”, VI^th Rencontres du Vietnam, Nanophysics: from fundamentals to applications, Hanoï, Vietnam, 6-12 août, 2006.

SCHOPFER F. et POIRIER W., « Métrologie de l’effet Hall quantique », Séminaire au LPS, Orsay, France, 28 septembre 2006.

POIRIER W. et SCHOPFER F., « Nouveaux développements en métrologie de l’effet Hall quantique », Journées de la Matière Condensée JMC’10, Toulouse, France, 28 août - 2 septembre 2006.

STECK B., FELTIN N. et DEVOILLE L., « Application de dispositifs à blocage de Coulomb en métrologie électrique fondamentale », Journées de la Matière Condensée JMC’10, Toulouse, France, 28 août - 2 septembre 2006.

BOUNOUH A., LAPOSTOLE F. et LAMY S., “Fabrication and characterisation of coaxial resistors for the determination of R_K”, 18^th IMEKO World Congress Metrology for a Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brésil, 17-22 septembre 2006.

SCHOPFER F. et POIRIER W., “Recent developments in the metrological application of the quantum Hall effect”, Session plénière du GDR Physique Quantique Mésoscopique, La Grande Motte, France, 9-12 octobre 2006.

FELTIN N., DEVOILLE L., STECK B., GONZALEZ-CANO A., ULYSSE C. et LOTHKOV S.V., « Applications de dispositifs à blocage de Coulomb en métrologie électrique fondamentale », Session plénière du GDR Physique Quantique Mésoscopique, la Grande Motte, France, 9-12 octobre 2006.

PIQUEMAL F., “Quantum metrological triangle experiment using a CCC as an ultra-low-current amplifier”, Séminaire au PTB, Berlin, Allemagne, 8 novembre 2006.

ALLAL D. et LITWIN A., « Equivalence de deux analyseurs de réseaux vectoriels pour la traçabilité des paramètres S », Revue française de métrologie, 12, 2007, 13-18.

ESPEL P., « Développement d’un wattmètre numérique à échantillonnage », Revue française de métrologie, 12, 2007, 3-12.

FELTIN N. et DEVOILLE L., « Dispositif à un électron et métrologie de l’ampère », Techniques de l'ingénieur, Mesures et Contrôle, R910, 2007.

PIQUEMAL F., DEVOILLE L., FELTIN N. et STECK B., “Single charge transport standards and Quantum Metrological Triangle experiments”, Proceedings of the International School of Physics « Enrico Fermi », Course CXLVI, Recent Advances in Metrology and Fundamental Constants, Societa Italiana di Fisica-Bologna, Edited by T.W. Hansch, S. Leschiutta, A.J. Wallard and M.L. Rastello, IOS Press ISBN: 978-1-58603-784-0, 2007, 181-210.

POLETAEFF A. et LEPRAT D., « Comparaison internationale d’étalons de transposition thermiques jusqu’à 1 000 V », Revue française de métrologie, 10, 2007, 37-42.

SCHOPFER F. et POIRIER W, “Testing Universality of the quantum Hall effect by means of the Wheatstone bridge”, Journal of Appl. Phys., 102, 5, 2007, 54903 1-9.

SCHOPFER F., “Quantum Hall effect and Metrology”, Réunion plénière du GDR 2426 Physique quantique mésoscopique, Aussois, France, 19-22 mars 2007.

STECK B. et al, « Utilisation du blocage de Coulomb en métrologie électrique fondamentale », Journées scientifiques du CNFRS, Paris, France, 20-21 mars 2007.

FELTIN N., « TRIMET : Réalisation du triangle métrologique, contribution à la détermination de constantes fondamentales », Colloque d’avancement des projets SDU/Physique Jeunes Chercheurs, Orléans, France, 11-12 avril 2007.

ZIADE F., “Feasability of a calculable RF power standard”, Agilent Technologies Metrology Workshop, Teddington, Royaume-Uni, 11-13 avril 2007.

ALLAL D., “Progress in on-wafer metrology at LNE”, EUROMET RF expert meeting, Delft, Pays-Bas, 26-27 avril 2007.

KAZEMIPOUR A., “Calculable RF power standard”, EUROMET RF expert meeting, Delft, Pays-Bas, 26-27 avril 2007.

DEVOILLE L. et al, « Expérience du triangle métrologique », Journée C’Nano Ile de France, Orsay, France, 3 mai 2007.

THEVENOT O. et al, “A new apparatus for cylindricity measurement with uncertainty less than 25 nm”, 7^th International conference of the EUSPEN, Brême, Allemagne, 20-24 mai 2007.

BAHOUCHE M., ALLAL D., BERGEAULT E. et HUYART B., « Evaluation de la technique de calibrage TRA (Thru-Reflect-Attenuator) pour la traçabilité des mesures sous pointes », 15^e Journées nationales micro-ondes, Toulouse, France, 23-25 mai 2007.

ZIADE F. , KAZEMIPOUR A., BERGEAULT E., ALLAL D. et BOURGHES M., « Wattmètre en technologie coplanaire, applications métrologiques », 15^e Journées nationales micro-ondes, Toulouse, France, 23-25 mai 2007.

DJORDJEVIC S., BERH R. et PALAFOX F., « Génération de tension alternative métrologique à l’aide de réseaux de jonctions Josepshon », Journées SUPRA 2007, Palaiseau, France, 11-13 juin 2007.

FELTIN N. et al, « Application du Comparateur Cryogénique de Courants Continus (4C) pour la métrologie de l'ampère et l'expérience du triangle métrologique », Journées SUPRA 2007, Palaiseau, France, 11-13 juin 2007.

ALLAL D. et MELLOUET B., « Traçabilité au SI des mesures effectuées à l’aide d’analyseurs de réseaux vectoriels », 13^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lille, France, 18-21 juin 2007.

BEHR R. et al, “Binary Josephson array power standard”, 13^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lille, France, 18-21 juin 2007.

MANCEAU J., BOUNOUH A., DELAUNAY R. et BLANC I., « Mesure des déphasages au moyen d’une méthode par échantillonnage pour des fréquences comprises entre 20 Hz et 20 kHz », 13^e Congrès international de métrologie, Lille, France, 18-21 juin 2007.

POIRIER W., “Graphene physics and metrology”, Euromet Expert Meeting on quantum electrical metrology, Espoo, Finlande, 25-27 juin 2007.

STECK B. et al, “Investigations of the frequency effects on the noise generated by an electron R-pump directly connected to a CCC in the range 10 MHz – 100 MHz”, Euromet Expert Meeting on quantum electrical metrology, Espoo, Finlande, 25-27 juin 2007.

DJORDJEVIC S., BEHR R. et PALAFOX L., “Synthesis of AC waveform using Josephson junction array”, Euromet Expert Meeting on quantum electrical metrology, Espoo, Finlande, 25-27 juin 2007.

POLETAEFF A. et LEPRAT D., “New development in low voltage AC-DC thermal transfer at LNE”, Euromet LF electricity expert meeting, Espoo, Finlande, 27-29 juin 2007.

THEVENOT O., CONSEJO C, LAHOUSSE L. et LACUEILLE J.C., « Détermination de R_K au LNE », Séminaire du GES, Montpellier, France, 29 juin 2007.

GONZALEZ-CANO A. et al, “A 20 000 turns cryogenic current comparator for low level current measurements: Characterization and analysis of its frequency behaviour”, 12^th international workshop on Low Temperature Detectors, Paris, France, 22-27 juillet 2007.

GONZALEZ-CANO A. et al, “A 20 000 Turns Cryogenic Current Comparator for SET and Metrological Triangle Experiences: Characterization and Optimization”, International School Quantum Metrology and Fundamental Constants, Les Houches, France, 1-12 octobre 2007.

POIRIER W. et SCHOPFER F., “Quantum Hall Effect Universality Tests and Graphene”, International School Quantum Metrology and Fundamental Constants, Les Houches, France, 1-12 octobre 2007.

STECK B. et al, “A contribution to the metrological triangle experiment: Study of a 3 junctions pump in the range 10-100 MHz”, International School Quantum Metrology and Fundamental Constants, Les Houches, France, 1-12 octobre 2007.

THEVENOT O. et al, “Development of a new LNE calculable capacitor for a determination of the von Klitzing constant at an uncertainty of one part in 10⁸”, International School Quantum Metrology and Fundamental Constants, Les Houches, France, 1-12 octobre 2007.

BOUNOUH A., « Etalons primaires en métrologie électrique courant continu et basse fréquence », Séminaire du LERMPS, Montbéliard, France, 8 novembre 2007.

MORILHAT A., LAPOSTOLLE F., BILLARD A. et BOUNOUH A., “Synthesis by magnetron sputtering of ultra thin resistive layers on cylindrical ceramic sticks for the development of calculable AC resistance standards”, Innovations on Thin Films Processing and Characterisation, Nancy, France, 20-23 novembre 2007.