Find here the detailled description of the project:

Quantum engineered states for optical clocks and atomic sensors

VALLET G., BOOKJANS E., EISMANN U., BILICKI S., LE TARGAT R. et LODEWYCK J., “A noise-immune cavity-assisted non-destructive detection for an optical lattice clock in the quantum regime”, New J. Phys., 19, 083002, 2017, DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa7c84.

LODEWYCK J., BILICKI S., BOOKJANS E., ROBYR J.-L., SHI C., VALLET G., LE TARGAT R., NICOLODI D., LE COQ Y., GUÉNA J., ABGRALL M., ROSENBUSCH P. et BIZE S., “Optical to microwave clock frequency ratios with an operational strontium optical lattice clock”, Metrologia, 53, 1123, 2016, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/53/4/1123.

KOHLHAAS R., BERTOLDI A., CANTIN E., ASPECT A., LANDRAGIN A. et BOUYER P., “ “Phase Locking a Clock oscillator to a coherent atomic ensemble”, Phys. Rev. X, 5, 021011, 2015, DOI; 10.1103/PhysRevX.5.021011.

VANDERBRUGGEN T., KOHLHAAS R., BERTOLDI A., CANTIN E., LANDRAGIN A. et BOUYER P., “Feedback control of coherent spin states using weak nondestructive measurements”, Phys. Rev. A, 89, 063619, 2014, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.89.063619.

LODEWYCK J.et al., “Prospects for sub quantum projection noise stability in strontium optical lattice clocks” Colloqium Quantum Engineering, from Fundamental Aspects to Applications (IQFA), 2016, Paris

LE TARGAT R. et al., “Towards non-destructive detection of atomic populations in a strontium Optical Lattice Clock” IFCS (International Frequency Control Symposium), 2016, New-Orleans, USA.

VALLET G.et al., “Cavity enhanced non-demolition measurement on a 87Sr lattice clock”, ETFT (European Time and Frequency Forum), 2016, York, UK.

LE TARGAT R., EISMANN U., SHI C., ROBYR J.L. et LODEWYCK J., “Cavity-enhanced non-destructive detection of atomic populations in Optical Lattice Clocks”, EFTF 2014.

EISMANN U., SHI C., ROBYR J.L., LE TARGAT R. et LODEWYCK J., “Cavity-enhanced non-destructive detection of atomic populations in Optical Lattice Clocks”, EGAS 2014.

Members of the QESOCAS European project consortium :

• PTB,
• NPL,
• INRIM,
• REG(LUH),
• REG(IQOQI),
• REG(IOGS)

Find here the detailled description of the project:

http://projects.npl.co.uk/itoc/

MARGOLIS H.S., GODUN R.M., GILL P., JOHNSON L.A.M., SHEMAR S.L., WHIBBERLEY P.B., CALONICO D., LEVI F., LORINI L., PIZZOCARO M., DELVA P., BIZE S., ACHKAR J., DENKER H., TIMMEN L., VOIGT C., FALKE S., PIESTER D., LISDAT C., STERR U., VOGT S., WEYERS S., GERSL J., LINDVALL T. and MERIMAA M., “International timescales with optical clocks (ITOC)”, Proceedings of the 2013 Joint European Frequency and Time Forum and International Frequency Control Symposium, 2013, 908–911.

GERŠL J., DELVA P. and WOLF P., “Relativistic corrections for time and frequency transfer in optical fibres”, Metrologia, 52, 2015, 552–564.

ABGRALL M., CHUPIN B., DE SARLO L., GUÉNA J., LAURENT P., LE COQ Y., LE TARGAT R., LODEWYCK J., LOURS M., ROSENBUSCH P., ROVERA G. D. and BIZE S., “Atomic fountains and optical clocks at SYRTE: Status and perspectives”, Comptes Rendus de Physique, 16, 461–470, 2015.

DE SARLO L., FAVIER M., TYUMENEV R. and BIZE S., “A mercury optical lattice clock at LNE-SYRTE”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 723, 2016, 012017.

LISDAT C., GROSCHE G., QUINTIN N., SHI C., RAUPACH S.M.F., GREBING C., NICOLODI D., STEFANI F., AL-MASOUDI A., DÔRSCHER S., HÄFNER S., ROBYR J.-L., CHIODO N., BILICKI S., BOOKJANS E., KOCZWARA A., KOKE S., KUHL A., WIOTTA F., MEYNADIER F., CAMISARD E., ABGRALL M., LOURS M., LEGERO T., SCHNATZ H., STERR U., DENKER H., CHARDONNET C., LE COQ Y., SANTARELLI G., AMY-KLEIN A., LE TARGAT R., LODEWYCK J., LOPEZ O. and POTTIE P.-E., “A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science”, 2015, arXiv :1511.07735.

TYUMENEV R., FAVIER M., BILICKI S., BOOKJANS E., LE TARGAT R., LODEWYCK J., NICOLODI D., LE COQ Y., ABGRALL M., GUÉNA J., DE SARLO L. and BIZE S., “Comparing a mercury optical lattice clock with microwave and optical frequency standards”, 2016, arXiv : 1603.02026.

LODEWYCK J., BILICKI S., BOOKJANS E., ROBYR J.-L., SHI C., VALLET G., LE TARGAT R., NICOLODI D., LE COQ Y., GUÉNA J., ABGRALL M., ROSENBUSCH P. and BIZE S., “Optical to microwave clock frequency ratios with a nearly continuous strontium optical lattice clock”, 2016, arXiv : 1605.03878.

• NPL (UK),
• CMI (CZ),
• INRIM (IT),
• VTT (FI),
• PTB (DE),
• LUH (DE)

Fin here the detailled description of the project:

http://projects.npl.co.uk/ink

WOOLLIAMS E., ANHALT, K.,  BALLICO, M., BLOEMBERGEN, P., BOURSON, F., BRIAUDEAU, S., CAMPOS, J., COX, M. G., DEL CAMPO, D., DURY, M.R., GAVRILOV, V., GRIGORYEVA, I., HERNANDEZ, M.L., JAHAN, F., KHLEVNOY, B., KHROMCHENKO, V.,  LOWE, D.H., LU, X., MACHIN, G., MANTILLA, J.M., MARTIN, M.J., MCEVOY, H.C., ROUGIÉ, B., SADLI, M., SALIM, S.G.,  SASAJIMA, N., TAUBERT, D.R., TODD, A., VAN DEN BOSSCHE, R., VAN DER HAM, E., WANG, T., WEI, D., WHITTAM, A., WILTHAN, B., WOODS, D.,  WOODWARD, J., YAMADA, Y., YAMAGUCHI, Y., YOON, H. and YUAN, Z., “Thermodynamic temperature assignment to the point of inflection of the melting curve of high temperature fixed points”, Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci., 2016, DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0044.

SADLI M., MACHIN G., ANHALT K., BOURSON F., BRIAUDEAU S., DEL CAMPO D., DIRIL A., KOZLOVA O., LOWE D.H., MANTILLA AMOR J. M., MARTIN M. J., MCEVOY H., OJANEN-SALORANTA M., PEHLIVAN Ö., ROUGIÉ B. and SALIM S. G. R., “Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature above the freezing point of silver”, Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci., 2016, DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0043

YAMADA Y.,  ANHALT K., BATTUELLO M., BLOEMBERGEN P., KHLEVNOY B., MACHIN G., MATVEYEV M., SADLI M., TODD A. and WANG T., “Evaluation and Selection of High-Temperature Fixed-Point Cells for Thermodynamic Temperature Assignment”, Int J Thermophys, 36, 2015, 1834-1847, DOI: 10.1007/s10765-015-1860-0

YANG I., PITRE L., MOLDOVER M.R, ZHANG J., FENG X. and SEOG K. JIN., “Improving acoustic determinations of the Boltzmann constant with mass spectrometer measurements of the molar mass of argon”, Metrologia, 52, 2015, 394–403.

GAVIOSO R. M., MADONNA RIPA D., M. STEUR P. P., GAISER C.  , ZANDT T., FELLMUTH B., DE PODESTA M., UNDERWOOD R., SUTTON G., PITRE L., SPARASCI F., RISEGARI L., GIANFRANI L., CASTRILLO A. and MACHIN G., “Progress towards the determination of the thermodynamic temperature with ultra-low uncertainty”, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A,  374, 2016, 20150046 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0046

MOLDOVER M.R., GAVIOSO R.M., MEHL J.B., PITRE L., DE PODESTA M. and ZHANG J.T., “Acoustic gas thermometry”, Metrologia, 51, 2014, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/51/1/R1.

SADLI M., ANHALT K., BOURSON F., BRIAUDEAU S., DEL CAMPO D., DIRIL A., KOZLOVA O., LOWE D., MACHIN G., MANTILLA AMOR J.M., MARTIN M.-J., MC EVOY H., OJANEN M., PEHLIVAN Ö., ROUGIE B. and SALIM S.G.R., “Experimental assessment of thermodynamic temperature dissemination methods at the highest temperatures”, 17^e Congrès international de métrologie, Paris, France, September 21^st-24^th 2015, DOI: 10.1051/metrology/201515017

MACHIN G., ENGERT J.; GAVIOSO R., SADLI M. and WOOLLIAMS E., “The Euramet Metrology Research Programme Project: Implementing the new kelvin (InK)”, 5^th All-Russian and COOMET Member Countries Conference “Temperature-2015”, St Petersburg, Russian Federation, April 21^st-24^th 2015.

SADLI M., MACHIN G., ANHALT K., BOURSON F., BRIAUDEAU S., DEL CAMPO D., DIRIL A., KOZLOVA O., LOWE D., MANTILLA AMOR J. M., MARTIN M., MCEVOY H.C., OJANEN M., PEHLIVAN Ö., ROUGIÉ B. and SALIM S.G.R., “Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature above the silver freezing point temperature”, Towards implementing the new kelvin – The Royal Society, Newport Pagnell, United Kingdom, May 18^th-19^th 2015.

BOURSON F., BRIAUDEAU S., SALIM S.G.R., ROUGIE B., TRUONG D., KOZLOVA O. and SADLI M., “Radiometric temperature measurements on high-temperature fixed points at LNE-Cnam”, Towards implementing the new kelvin – The Royal Society, Newport Pagnell, United Kingdom, May 18^th-19^th 2015.

PITRE L., SPARASCI F., RISEGARI L. and TRUONG D., “Acoustic thermometry: new results from 77 K to 303 K at LNE-CNAM”, Tempmeko 2013, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, October 14^th-18^th 2013.

RISEGARI L. ET TRUONG D., PITRE L, SPARASCI F, TRUONG D, VERGÉ A. and BUÉE B.,  “ACOUSTIC GAS THERMOMETER BELOW 4K: FIRST TESTS” (379), Tempmeko 2013, Madeira, Portugal, October 14^th-18^th 2013.

• NPL,
• CEM,
• CNAM,
• CSIC,
• INRIM,
• LNE,
• MIKES,
• PTB,
• TUBITAK,
• DIISR, NIM,
• UVa,
• VNIIOFI,
• NRC,
• NIST,
• KRISS,
• UC,
• IPC

Find here the detailled description of the project:

http://www.notedproject.com/

CAPPELLA C., SPARASCI F., PITRE L., BUÉE B. et EL MATARAWY A., “Improvements in the realization of the triple point of water in metallic sealed cells at LNE-Cnam”, Int. J. Metrol. Qual. Eng., 6, 4, 2015, DOI: 10.1051/ijmqe/2015026.

BUÉE B., VERGÉ A., VIDAL V., GEORGIN E. et SPARASCI F., “Copper passivation procedure for water-filled copper cells for applications in metrology”, Rapport du projet MeteoMet, http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.7294, novembre 2012.

KOZLOVA O., RONGIONE L. et BRIAUDEAU S., « Estimation des erreurs d’étalonnage de thermomètres infrarouges industriels liés à la méconnaissance de l’émissivité de sources et des bandes spectrales de thermomètres infrarouges », 17^e Congrès international de métrologie, Paris, France, 21-24 septembre 2015, DOI: 10.1051/metrology/20150015010.

KOZLOVA O., SADOUNI A., TRUONG D.et BRIAUDEAU S., “A new tuneable IR radiation thermometer”, NOTED final workshop, Bruxelles, Belgique,  5-6 May 2015

CAPPELLA C., “New ITS-90 fixed points designs to study the thermal effects on TPs of O2, Ar, Hg and H2O”, NOTED final workshop, Bruxelles, Belgique,  5-6 May 2015

SPARASCI F., “New fixed points below the TPW”, NOTED final workshop, Bruxelles, Belgique,  5-6 May 2015

SPARASCI F., PITRE L., “Procedures for the calibration of SPRTs with respect to T in the temperature range between 77 K and 300 K NOTED final workshop, Bruxelles, Belgique,  5-6 May 2015

BRIAUDEAU S., SADOUNI A., KOZLOVA O., TRUONG D., BOURSON F., SADLI M., “Performances of the innovative portable spectroradiometer: fast wide-range tunability and high reproducibility”, NEWRAD 2014, Helsinki, Finlande,  24-27 June 2014

DEL CAMPO D. et al. , “A Multi-Institute European Project for Providing Improved and Simpler Traceability to the Kelvin”, International congress of Metrology, 2013, Paris, France,  7th-10th October 2013, DOI: 10.1051/metrology/201315006

VIDAL V., VERGE A., MARTIN C., BUE B., SPARASCI F., “Calorimetric Quasi-Adiabatic Realization of the Triple Point Of Water At LCM LNE/CNAM”, Tempmeko 2013, Funchal, Madère, Portugal, 14-18 Octobre 2013

FIORILLO D., VERGÉ A., MARTIN C., BARBOTIN V., HERMIER Y., SPARASCI F., “New calorimeter for SPRT calibrations at argon and oxygen fixed points: further improvements at LNE-CNAM”, Tempmeko 2013, Funchal, Madère, Portugal, 14-18 Octobre 2013

SADOUNI A., « Réalisation et caractérisation métrologique d’un pyromètre accordable », CNAM, Saint-Denis, France, 11 décembre 2015

• CEM (ES),
• CMI (CZ),
• INRiM (IT),
• IPQ (PT),
• MKEH (HU),
• NPL (GB),
• PTB (DE),
• SMD (BE),
• TUBITAK (TR),
• UL (SI),
• VSL (NL)

Before the redefinition of the unit of mass in 2018, the International Prototype Kilogram was stored and used in air. Research work to achieve this redefinition of the unit of mass was carried out using watt balance and Avogadro experiments, which led to measurements being taken in vacuum. It was therefore clear that the redefined kilogram would be materialised in vacuum and would therefore require the transfer of the ‘primary’ kilogram standards from vacuum to air in order to ensure traceability for end users. This would add additional sources of error that needed to be controlled, such as the sorption of surface contaminants and water layers, to already complex measurement procedures. The EMRP project ‘Development of a practical means of disseminating the redefined kilogram (NewKILO)’ led to the development of new mass standards, new methods for cleaning and monitoring them, and procedures and equipment for transferring mass standards between vacuum and air. More generally, the aim was for the results of this project to help ensure that the redefinition brings benefits to the end-user community.

The LNE-Cnam Joint Metrology Laboratory (LCM) was involved in all work packages of this project. The following results only concern the project results to which the laboratory contributed.

With regard to the development and evaluation of artefacts, in order to ensure traceability to the watt balance and Avogadro experiments, the project partners defined the following characteristics for the material:

- low magnetic susceptibility (< 2×10^-4) for use in the watt balance;

- a hardness of HV > 200 to facilitate machining and polishing;

- chemical resistance to corrosion and oxidation;

- a homogeneous material without porosity, cavities or trapped gases to ensure long-term stability.

Based on these properties, different materials were selected and compared.

Among the many studies undertaken to characterise these materials, the LCM assessed surface roughness after mirror polishing using an optical roughness tester: no direct link was found with mass stability, but it certainly affects sorption effects.

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With regard to the development of procedures and appropriate equipment for mass transfer between vacuum experiments and open-air experiments, the LCM participated in measurements of the sorption coefficient as a function of pressure. It worked more specifically on platinum-iridium. The work showed that there was no variation in mass between 0,1 Pa and 0,001 Pa.

In order to validate and evaluate the reproducibility of the air/vacuum transfer method for mass standards, a comparison of gravimetric measurements of mass standards subjected to air/vacuum/air cycles was undertaken. This comparison was carried out on two groups of three masses. In the first group, two masses were kept in air, one of which had to be cleaned before weighing, while the third was kept in a nitrogen atmosphere. In the second group, all three masses were kept in air. The LCM participated in the measurements related to this group. The sorption coefficients calculated by the various national laboratories differ by up to an order of magnitude. These differences can be explained by the fact that each laboratory uses its own sorption artefacts, which may differ in particular in terms of their polishing.

LCM participated in one of the studies concerning mass transfer between vacuum and/or air and nitrogen. Three different cycles were applied to Pt-Ir and then analysed by TDS (thermo desorption mass spectrometry) at LCM in order to determine their advantages and disadvantages.

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For mass stability studies, particularly during storage, cleaning and transport of masses, in 2014 the LCM set up a plasma cleaning device, integrated into the introduction chamber of the TDS device. A study of the effect of different cleaning methods was conducted. The application of air plasma cleaning to Pt-Ir artefacts previously cleaned with ethanol or isopropanol demonstrated the effectiveness of this method, particularly on carbon and hydrocarbon compounds. A gravimetric study observed a variation in the mass of the Pt-Ir artefacts depending on the cleaning process used (BIPM cleaning-washing or plasma air). A series of comparisons was made before and after the two cleaning processes. After each cleaning, a rapid increase in mass was observed, which stabilised after a few hours.

A comparison of acetone and ethanol adsorption on PtIr, iridium and AuPtAgCu alloy surfaces was performed. The adsorption of both acetone and ethanol is lower on pure iridium than on PtIr. With regard to the quaternary alloy AuPtAgCu, the very high adsorption of acetone suggests high surface porosity, which makes it unsuitable for use as a mass standard.

Another aspect of the work concerned medium-term storage and transfer of standards between laboratories with a primary realisation operating under vacuum. In order to evaluate the storage and transfer protocol, the LCM participated in measurements on a set of masses. There is no significant advantage to storing masses in a neutral gas; in fact, it is more advantageous in terms of mass stability to store masses in air. The current method of storing masses in air is therefore recommended.

PLIMMER M.D., DU COLOMBIER D., IRAQI HOUSSAINI N., SILVESTRI Z., PINOT P. and HANNACHI R., “Apparatus to measure adsorption of condensable solvents on technical surfaces by photothermal deflection”, Review of Scientific Instruments, 2012, 83, 11, DOI: 10.1063/1.4767245.

SILVESTRI Z., AZOUIGUI S., BOUHTIYYA S., MACÉ S., PLIMMER M.D., PINOT P., TAYEB-CHANDOUL F. and HANNACHI R., “Thermal desorption mass spectrometer for mass metrology”, Review of Scientific Instruments, 2014, 85, 4, DOI: 10.1063/1.4870921.

DAVIDSON S., BERRY J., SILVESTRI Z., HOGSTROM R. and GREEN R., “Addressing the requirements for the practical implementation and ongoing maintenance of the redefined kilogram”, 22nd IMEKO TC3 International Conference on Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque 2014, Held Together with TC5 and TC22, Cape Town, South Africa, 3-5 February 2014.

SILVESTRI Z., BOUHTIYYA S., PINOT P. and DAVIDSON S., “How to disseminate the mass unit for the new kilogram?”, International Congress of Metrology, Paris, France, Poster, 21-24 September 2015, DOI: 10.1051/metrology/20150018003.

• NPL (GB),
• CMI (CZ),
• CNAM (FR),
• DFM (DK),
• EJPD (CH),
• LNE (FR),
• MGRT (SI),
• MIKES (FI),
• PTB (DE), 
• SMU (SK),
• TUBITAK (TR),
• INRIM (IT),
• NRC (CA).