Time is the physical quantity that is measured with the greatest precision, far ahead of all the others. Recent advances in atomic clocks have made it possible to achieve relative stabilities of the order of a few 10⁻¹⁸, thus corresponding to an uncertainty of about one second in the age of the Universe. However, it is not because these uncertainties become ridiculously small that they should be neglected, quite the contrary. The aim of this work is to contribute to improving the determination of these uncertainties. It is divided in two parts and concerns the fine characterization and improvement of a set of estimation methods.

The first part of the present work consists in describing a procedure to determine the jumps which can affect the time links used in the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), calculated by the BIPM. This tool, based on a Kalman filter, should correctly determine the date of the steps and their magnitude, mainly for time steps, and give a warning to the BIPM Time Department about this unexpected problem. This warning will help to understand the nature of the steps which, in some cases, can affect the behavior of UTC. A critical example is the receiver calibration causing a step in time links and potentially impacting UTC behavior. To ensure the long-term stability of UTC, it is crucial to verify the data and identify problems.

The second part of the work mainly concerns a detailed analysis of frequency instabilities in terms of Bayesian statistics. In particular the objective is to obtain reliable confidence intervals around the measurements of the power spectrum of red noise processes at the lowest frequencies, e.g. the observation of millisecond pulsars in radio astronomy. Thus it is only possible to average on simultaneous observation of multiple instruments. We compare 95 % upper limit of the red noise parameter using the spectrum average and cross-spectrum. Checked by massive Monte Carlo simulations, the cross-spectrum estimator leads to the variance-Gamma distribution with two instruments and a generalization to n instruments based on the Fourier transform of characteristic functions is provided.

atomic clocks, bayesian statistics, confidence interval, cross-spectrum, metrology, phase jump, probability density function, spectrum average, time-frequency analysis, time stability

Full document (EN) : TEL-04083649

This thesis consists in developing a frequency stabilized laser on a Fabry-Perot cavity at very low temperature. Indeed, the optical cavity is designed in silicon material and cooled down to a temperature around 18,1 K. Working at this temperature where the thermal expansion coefficient of silicon is low, and the reduction of the mechanical constraints acting on the cavity, give the possibility of reaching stabilized laser performances below 1×10⁻¹⁶ on short times, to answer the needs of optical clocks. The system consists of a 1,5 µm fiber laser whose frequency is controlled by the resonance mode frequency of the optical cavity. The cavity is 14 cm long and a dielectric coating has been deposited on the mirror substrate. A low vibration pulsed tube cryogenerator is used to cool down the cavity to the desired temperature. In this work, the researchers have also implemented an active system to suppress the residual amplitude modulation, which is one of the main limitations of the ultra-stable laser performances. Finally, the theoretical limit evaluated in terms of fractional frequency stability is given as 3×10⁻¹⁷ at 1 s, corresponding to the cavity thermal noise.

Ultra-stable laser, optical Fabry-Perot cavity, frequency locking, cryogenic temperature

Full document (FR) : TEL-03851524

Since 1967, the second is defined with respect to an atomic transition. More precisely, the second is determined in relation to 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to two hyperfine states of the ground state of an unperturbed Cesium 133 atom. Today, the most efficient atomic clocks are in the optical domain: a laser is used to interrogate the transition of an atomic reference. The atomic elements used are for example strontium, mercury or ytterbium. Other optical clocks exploit a single trapped ion to establish a frequency reference. The best optical clocks occupy volumes of several thousand liters. Although there are fiber networks disseminating optical references between different laboratories, the need to be able to transport clocks remains a major issue for fundamental physics or for other applications such as geodesy. The Time and Frequency department of FEMTO-ST is developing a transportable optical clock with Yb+ trapped ion. The objective of this project is to obtain a total volume of the experiment of 500 L with performances ten times higher than current compact clocks. A single ion is trapped with the help of electric fields generated by a chip constituting a Paul surface trap. A single laser beam allows its cooling in the three directions of space. A laser with a wavelength of about 435.5 nm is used to interrogate the ion and form an ultra-stable oscillator. To trap ions, a prototype copper trap on FR-4 was used while in parallel a trap was designed and fabricated within the department. The rapid confinement of ions with the prototype trap allowed us to set up the experimental system and establish our first results. Measurements characterizing the trap could be performed and experimental techniques for the control of the trap were set up. The clock laser requires a pre-stabilization for its frequency noise reduction. Its frequency lock on an ultra-stable cavity operating at a telecom wavelength has been achieved using an optical frequency comb. Different simulations have been performed to predict the relative frequency stability of the clock or the behavior of the new trap.

laser cooling, atomic clock, time and frequency metrology, trapped ions

Full document (FR) : TEL-04195089

SYRTE is developing optical lattice clocks with strontium atoms. These clocks enable to lock the frequency of an ultra-stable laser probing an ensemble of 10e4 ultra-cold atoms tightly confined in an optical lattice. Improved performances of optical clocks bring variate applications in metrology of time and frequency, chronometric geodesy, or in fundamental physics. Two strontium optical lattice clocks are now operational at SYRTE and have shown fractionnal instability and incaccuracy of 2×10^–17. These cloks are already available for long and regular metrological campaign, in which their performances were confirmed through international comparisons. The continuation of their developpement at SYRTE is expected to reduce further the incaccuracy and instability of strontium clocks. This PhD thesis shows the state of developpement of the clock at SYRTE, and their recent improvement. A refined incaccuracy budget is presented, with studies that will contribute to reduce it to the 10^–18. A study of the light shift induced by the lattice laser on the clock transition is presented, with the description of a protocole that enables cancelation of of its atomic temperature dependancy, by the spectroscopie of clock carrier. The team also present the assembling of a new ultra high vacuum chamber, which is bound to reduce the inhomogeneities of the thermal radiation on the interrogated atoms, main contribution to the inaccuracy. Multiples results of comparisons with strontium clocks are describes, within both local and international comparisons with fiber links and satellites, and against microwaves and optical clcoks. This includes the first real time steering of the Temps Atomique Internationale (TAI).

optical lattice clocks, systematic measurements, comparisons, ultra high vacuum chamber, effusive oven

This manuscript details the thesis work done at SYRTE on the cold atom gradiometer experiment. The gradiometer is a quantum sensor using two cold atom interferometers to measure the gravity acceleration at two distinct locations in space and thus measure locally the gravity gradient. The sensor was functional at the beginning of this work, with two cold atom sources and an interferometer using Raman pulses. In order to improve the sensitivity of the instrument, the researcher has implemented and characterized diffraction of the atoms in the quasi-Bragg regime and they have realized interferometers for different diffraction orders. The output ports being in the same internal state but on two different momentum states, it is difficult to measure them independently with a classical time-of-flight detection method. A new method has been therefore developed and characterized to increase their spatial separation before detection using a Bloch elevator. The team also implemented a Bloch elevator at the beginning of the sequence in order to operate the interferometer in a fountain configuration and take advantage of a maximum free fall time. A mirror mounted on a tip tilt have been characterized to compensate for the Coriolis acceleration experienced by the atoms during their fall and a flat top collimator was implemented on the experiment to illuminate the atoms in a uniform way. A sensitivity to the gravity gradient of 213 E at one second (1 E = 10^‒9 s^‒2) has been demonstrated.

atomic interferometry, cold atoms, gravimeter, gradiometer, metrology

Full document (FR) : TEL-03990195

Atomic clocks are the modern tools of timekeeping. Ever since the redefinition of the second in 1967 based on an atomic transition of Cesium 133, the atomic clocks have improved drastically. This has lead to many technological advancements the last 55 years, many of which require precise transfer of time and frequency signals, a prominent example being the Global Positioning System (GPS). With the recent advancements of the last generation of state-of-the-art atomic clocks, so called optical clocks, traditional means of disseminating their signals without degrading their performance are no longer adequate. The implementation of a new technology for such purposes has in recent years been implemented in several countries around the world, which utilizes optical fibers as a medium to transfer and compare the signals of the atomic frequency references.

This thesis contains the exploitation of such an optical fiber network in France, the discussion about the general noise processes of such fiber links, and their technical and fundamental limits. Then in-depth studies of several applications of a fiber network are presented. These studies include the evaluation of the uncertainty contribution of the French fiber network to the comparison of optical clocks. Also, the thesis contains also studies of the use of fiber networks for the sensing of effects arising from the Earth. This includes the sensing of the Sagnac effect in a fiber link deployed in a ring topology around Paris, a study of the detection of Earthquakes with the French fiber network, and a discussion of the prospects of the use of such a technology.

metrology, optical frequency, optical frequency transfer, fiber network, geosensing, REFIMEVE

Full document (EN) : TEL-04218313

This manuscript presents experimental results of a cold atom gyroscope of 11 cm² physical area, realizing the state of the art of matter wave gyroscopes. The installation of the second measurement axis in the horizontal plane allows the measurement of two components of the rotation, sequentially or interleaved. Changing the orientation of the experiment with respect to the north allowed us to perform the best test to date of the Sagnac effect for matter waves, which has been found in agreement with the expected value at the level of 20 ppm. Furthermore, the manuscript presents the proposition and the study of the interest to adjust in a controlled way the momentum transfer during Raman transitions manipulating atomic wave packets in the case of multi-loop interferometers. By preventing the recombination of spurious interferometers, this study has given the conditions to realize a pure gyroscope without any sensitivity to DC acceleration. Finally, new experimental methods have improved the rejection of the vibration noise but also of the rotation noise allowing a new stability record at 2×10⁻¹⁰ rad·s−1 at 6 000 s, and in particular by using a sequence using two interleaved interferometers allowing to average the vibrations more efficiently. Although limited in the experimental configuration, it opens the possibility to reach the intrinsic limit of cold atom inertial sensors, the quantum projection noise.

gyroscope, effet Sagnac, cold atom, atom interferometry, metrology

Full document (FR) : TEL-03828286

Spectral hole burning in rare-earth ion doped crystals is a versatile system in time-frequency metrology and related applications. The narrow optical transitions of the dopant ions can serve as a frequency reference for laser stabilization. The expected fractional frequency stability can potentially be orders of magnitude better than room temperature Fabry-Perot-cavity-locked lasers at the state of the art. The aim of this thesis project is to improve, and explore the fundamental limits of such techniques. The spectral holes sensitivity towards the uni-axial stress and external E-field has been characterized, so that the effect on the laser frequency fluctuation could be deduced and minimized. A special environment has also been explored, where the effect of temperature fluctuations on the frequency of spectral holes can be compensated at first order by pressure-induced shift in the opposite direction. Moreover, much work has been devoted to the development of ultra-low-noise detection techniques, which allows getting lower detection noise by employing different spectral structures.

ultra-stable laser, rare-earth ions, frequency metrology

Full document (EN) : TEL-03870065

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CANUEL B., ZOU X., SABULSKY D.O., JUNCA J., BERTOLDI A., BEAUFILS Q., GEIGER R., LANDRAGIN A., PREVEDELLI M., GAFFET S., BOYER D., ROCHE I.L. and BOUYER P., “A gravity antenna based on quantum technologies: MIGA”, 56^th Rencontres de Moriond on Gravitation, La Thuile, Italy, 30 janv. 2022 - 6 Febr. 2022, Proceedings: hal-03667511.

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FANG B., LIN X., ZHANG S., GALLAND N., HARTMAN M., LUCIC N., SEIDELIN S., FERRIER A., GOLDNER P. and LE COQ Y., “Spectral hole burning in Eu:YSO for ultra-stable lasers and optical frequency metrology”, ANF 2022 « Croissance de cristaux pour l’optique et techniques de caractérisations, mise en forme, micro nanostructuration et intégration dispositifs associées », Autrans, France, 4-6 April 2022.

BENJAMIN P., ABGRALL M., LOURS M., POTTIE P.-E. and LE TARGAT R., “Accurate bootstrapping of an optical frequency comb to a 1542 nm carrier”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

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BOUDOT R., ABDEL HAFIZ M., PETERSEN M. and RUBIOLA E., “A CPT-based Cs cell self-sustained microwave oscillator”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

CAHUZAC N., LIU Y., SAFFRE M., CANTIN E., LOPEZ O., TRAN D., SANTAGATA R., MANCEAU M., AMY-KLEIN A., DARQUIE B., TONNES M., POINTARD B., ABGRALL M., LORINI L., LE COQ Y., LE TARGAT R., ALVAREZ-MARTINEZ H., XU D. and POTTIE P.-E., “High precision, SI-traceable, Mid-infrared Molecular spectroscopy”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022, Proceedings: IEEE Xplore, DOI: 10.1109/EFTF/IFCS54560.2022.9850536.

CARLÉ C., ABDEL HAFIZ M., PASSILLY N., BOUDOT R., DANET J.M. and CALOSSO C., “Tackling light-shifts in a microcell atomic clock with symmetric auto-balanced Ramsey”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., MORVAN L., DOLFI D., GUERANDEL S. and HOLLEVILLE D., “Laser intensity and frequency stabilization implemented on a miniature CPT clock breadboard”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022, Proceedings: IEEE Xplore, DOI: 10.1109/EFTF/IFCS54560.2022.9850671.

GUESSOUM M., GAUTIER R., BOUTON Q., SIDORENKOV L.A., LANDRAGIN A. and GEIGER R., “Test of the Sagnac effect by accurate measurements with a dual-axis cold-atom gyroscope”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

GUSCHING A., RYGER I., ABDEL HAFIZ M., PASSILLY N., MILLO J. and BOUDOT R., “Towards the generation and fiber-link transfer of ultra-stable 895 nm signal for characterization of a microcell-stabilized laser”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

MORENO W., RAHMOUNI F., POINTARD B., POTTIE P.-E., DELVA P., LODEWYCK J., LE TARGAT R., GONZALEZ J.R., LALANCETTE M.-F., LION G., PANET I. and JAMET O., “Towards a transportable Yb lattice clock at SYRTE”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022, Proceedings: IEEE Xplore, DOI: 10.1109/EFTF/IFCS54560.2022.9850674.

PELLE B., ARCHAMBAULT L., DESRUELLE B. and LANDRAGIN A., “Cold-atom-based commercial microwave clocks at 1×10^-15 relative instability over more than one month”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022, Proceedings: IEEE Xplore, DOI: 10.1109/EFTF/IFCS54560.2022.9850625.

PESCHE M., SANTOS F.P.D. and MERLET S., « Vers le nano-g avec le projet TWAIN », 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

PICCON R., SARKAR S., MERLET S. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Atomic Interferometry For Gravity Gradient Measurement”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

RISARO M., DONADELLO S., MURA A., CLIVATI C., GOTI I., CONDIO S., PIZZOCARO M., GOZZELINO M., COSTANZO G.A., LEVI F., CALONICO D., CANTIN E., LOPEZ O., AMY-KLEIN A., TØNNES M., POINTARD B., ZYSKIND C., GUO C., ANDIA M., MORENO W., FOUCAULT Y., MARIN M.-A. C., SHANG H., MAZOUTH M., LE TARGAT R., ABGRALL M., LORINI L., LODEWYCK J., POTTIE P.-E. and BIZE S., “A coherent optical fibre link between France and Italy”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

ZYSKIND C., ANDIA M., GUO C. and BIZE S, “Towards the development of an optical lattice clock using bosonic isotopes of Mercury”, 2022 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum & the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (2022 EFTF-IFCS), Paris, France, 24-28 April 2022.

BIZE S. and LODEWYCK J., “Options for the redefinition of the SI second based on optical transitions”, CCTF Task Force on the Roadmap towards the redefinition of the second: Workshop on “Redefinition options: one or an ensemble of radiations?”, BIPM, Sèvres, France, (online), 13 May 2022.

JANVIER C., MENORET V., MERLET S., LANDRAGIN A., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and DESRUELLE B., (2022-05-23), Optimization and characterization of a differential quantum gravimeter”, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienne, Autriche, (Conf. à distance), 23-27 May 2022, Proceedings: DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8513.

LACROUTE C., LAUPRETRE T., ACHI B., GROULT L., KERSALÉ Y., DELEHAYE M. and ABDEL HAFIZ M., “Heating rate measurements in a prototype surface-electrode trap for optical frequency metrology”, 2022 TIPICQA COST workshop, (online), June 2022.

LANDRAGIN A., “Round Table: Quantum computing are we heading?”, (Conférence invitée), The European Physical Society Forum 2022, Paris, France, 2 June 2022.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., MORVAN L., DOLFI D. and GUERANDEL S, “Laser power stabilization of a compact dual-frequency VECSEL for a cesium clock optical bench”, 10^th International Symposium on Optronics in Defence and Security (OPTRO 2022), Versailles, France, 8-10 June 2022.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., HOLLEVILLE D., GUERANDEL S., MORVAN L. and DOLFI D., « Stabilisation d’intensité et de fréquence laser sur un banc électro-optique miniature d’horloge Cs-CPT », Journée du Club Optique Micro-ondes de la SFO (JCOM 2022), Besançon, France, 13 June 2022.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., HOLLEVILLE D., GUERANDEL S., MORVAN L. and DOLFI D., « Asservissements de fréquence et d’intensité d’un prototype de VECSEL bifréquence à 852 nm pour une horloge atomique CPT », Journée du Club Optique Micro-ondes de la SFO (JCOM 2022), Besançon, France, 13 June 2022.

CORREIA F., BICHON G., GUESSOUM M., CHERFAN C., GEIGER R., LANDRAGIN A. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Quantum optimal control for atom interferometry”, (Conférence invitée), Quantum 2.0, Boston, USA, 13-16 June 2022, hal-03938847, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1364/QUANTUM.2022.QW4C.7.

BIZE S., OATES C.W. and PEIK E., “Task Force on the Roadmap for the redefinition of the second Subgroup B: Atomic frequency standards and possible redefinition approaches: Recent activities, review of options, SWOT analysis”, (Conférence invitée), 23rd meeting of the Consultative Committee for Time and Frequency (CCTF) of the CIPM, Sèvres, France, 29 June 2022.

FANG B., LIN X., HARTMAN M., ZHANG S., FERRIER A., GOLDNER P., SEIDELIN S. and LE COQ Y., “Novel detection schemes for laser frequency stabilization with spectral hole burning in Eu³⁺:Y₂SiO₅, 2022 Rare Earth Ions for Quantum Information Workshop, Edinburgh, UK, (Online), 30 June 2022.

BENJAMIN P., ABGRALL M., LOURS M., POTTIE P.-E. and LE TARGAT R., « Référencement purement optique d'un peigne de fréquence sur une porteuse à 1542 nm », 2022 COLOQ'18 Lasers et Optique quantique, Congrès Optique de la SFO, Nice, France, 4-8 July 2022.

CARLÉ C., GUSCHING A., ABDEL HAFIZ M., KESHAVARZI S., RYGER I., MAURICE V., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., « Horloges atomiques microondes et optiques à microcellule », 2022 COLOQ'18 Lasers et Optique quantique, Congrès Optique de la SFO, Nice, France, 4-8 July 2022.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., HOLLEVILLE D., GUERANDEL S., MORVAN L. and DOLFI D., « Réductions des bruits d’un prototype de VECSEL bifréquence à 852 nm pour des applications d’horloge atomique CPT », 2022 COLOQ'18 Lasers et Optique quantique, Congrès Optique de la SFO, Nice, France, 4-8 July 2022.

LANDRAGIN A., GAUTIER R., GUESSOUM M., BOUTON Q., CHERFAN C., SIDORENKOW L.A. and GEIGER R. (2022-07-04), “Test of the Sagnac effect with dual axis cold atom gyroscope”, 2022 COLOQ'18 Lasers et Optique quantique, Congrès Optique de la SFO, Nice, France, 4-8 July 2022.

LANDRAGIN A., “Atom interferometry and application to geosciences”, (Conférence invitée), Frontiers of Matter Wave Optics summer school, Triestre, Italy, 12-16 September 2022.

RAHMOUNI F., ROMERO GONZALEZ J., BENJAMIN P., LARTAUX-VOLLARD A., LODEWYCK J., POTTIE P.-E., DELVA P., MORENO W., PANET I., LEQUENTREC-LALANCETTE M.-F., JAMET O., LION G. and LE TARGAT R., “Towards a high flux transportable Ytterbium optical lattice clock”, Les Houches School of Physics “Quantum mixtures of ultracold atomic gases”, Les Houches, France, 26 Sept. – 7 Oct. 2022.

BIZE S., « Trois options pour une redéfinition de la seconde », (Conférence invitée), Comité Science et Métrologie de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, France, 28 Sept. 2022.

CARLÉ C., ABDEL HAFIZ M., VICARINI R., KESHAVARZI S., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “Improved clock frequency stability in a micro-atomic clock using pulsed”, International Network for Micro-fabricated Atomic Quantum Sensors Technical Workshop (2022 INMAQS), Alexandria, UK, 1, 12-14 Sept. 2022.

GUSCHING A., MILLO J., RYGER I., VICARINI R., ABDEL HAFIZ M. and BOUDOT R., “Cs microcell stabilized laser based on dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy”, International Network for Micro-fabricated Atomic Quantum Sensors Technical Workshop (2022 INMAQS), Alexandria, UK, 1, 12-14 Sept. 2022.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., MORVAN L., DOLFI D., HOLLEVILLE D. and GUERANDEL S., “An innovative laser bench for a high performance compact cesium CPT clock”, International Conference on Space Optics (ICSO 2022), Dubrovnik, Croatia, 3-7 Oct. 2022.

LEVEQUE T., FALLET C., LEFEBVE J., PIQUEREAU A., GAUGUET A., BATTELIER B., BOUYER P., GAALOUL N., LACHMANN M., PIEST B., RASEL E., MULLER J., SCHUBERT C., BEAUFILS Q. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “CARIOQA: Definition of a Quantum Pathfinder Mission”, International Conference on Space Optics (ICSO 2022), Dubrovnik, Croatia, 3-7 Oct. 2022, Proceedings: arXiv-2211.01215.

BENJAMIN P., ABGRALL M., LOURS M., POTTIE P.-E. and LE TARGAT R., “Remote generation of an acurate RF signal with an optical frequency comb », 2022 General Assembly of FIRST-TF, Besançon, France, 4-5 Oct. 2022.

HARTMAN M., LIN X., ZHANG S., GALLAND N., LUčIć N., LE TARGAT R., FERRIER A., GOLDNER P., FANG B., SEIDELIN S. and LE COQ Y., “Towards spectral-hole burning at dilution temperatures for ultra frequency-stable lasers”, 2022 General Assembly of FIRST-TF, Besançon, France, 4-5 Oct. 2022, hal-04030202.

ROMERO J., RAHMOUNI F., BENJAMIN P., MORENO W., LODEWYCK J., POTTIE P.-E., DELVA P., PANET I., LEQUENTREC-LALANCETTE M.-F., JAMET O., LION G. and LE TARGAT R., “Designing an Yb transportable lattice clock at SYRTE for geodesic exploration”, 2022 General Assembly of FIRST-TF, Besançon, France, 4-5 Oct. 2022.

BALLAND Y., ABSIL L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “A trapped atom interferometer for unprecedented short range forces measurement”, (Conférence invitée), Quantum sensors and tests of new physics (QSNP), Hanover, Germany, 4-7 Oct. 2022.

CORGIER R., MALITESTA M., SMERZI A., GAALOUL N., PEZZE L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Delta-kick squeezing and quantum-enhanced atom interferometry”, (Conférence invitée), Quantum sensors and tests of new physics (QSNP), Hanover, Germany, 4-7 Oct. 2022.

LANDRAGIN A., GAUTIER R., GUESSOUM M., BOUTON Q., CHERFAN C., SIDORENKOV L.A. and GEIGER R., “Testing the Sagnac effect with a two-axis cold atom gyroscope”, (Conférence invitée), Quantum sensors and tests of new physics (QSNP), Hanover, Germany, 4-7 Oct. 2022.

BIZE S., « Accéder à une représentation objective du temps ? Les principes de réalisation des références de temps de la physique », (Conférence invitée), Colloque Phénoménotechnique du temps en 2022, Besançon, France, 27-28 octobre 2022.

BREGAZZI I., GRIFFIN P. F., ARNOLD A.S., BURT D.P., MARTINEZ G., BOUDOT R., KITCHING J., RIIS E. and MCGILLIGAN J.P., “A simple imaging solution for chip-scale laser cooling”, Applied Physics Letters, 2021, 119, 184002, DOI: 10.1063/5.0068725.

BRAZHNIKOV D., IGNATOVICH S., MESENZOVA I.S., MIKHAILOV A.M., SKVORTSOV M., GONCHAROV A.N., ENTIN V.M., RYABTSEV I.I., BOUDOT R., TASKOVA E., ALIPIEVA E., ANDREEVA C. and GATEVA S., “Nonlinear enhanced-absorption resonances in compact alkali-vapor cells for applications in quantum metrology”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS), 2021, 1859 (XXI International Conference and School on Quantum Electronics, 21-25 Sept. 2020), 012019, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1859/1/012019.

CANTIN E., TONNES M., LE TARGAT R., AMY-KLEIN A., LOPEZ O. and POTTIE P.-E., “An accurate and robust metrological network for coherent optical frequency dissemination”, New Journal of Physics, 2021, DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/abe79e.

CARLÉ C., PETERSEN M., PASSILLY N., ABDEL HAFIZ M., DE CLERCQ E. and BOUDOT R., “Exploring the use of Ramsey-CPT spectroscopy for a microcell-based atomic clock”, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2021, 68, 10, 3249-3256, DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3085249.

CHEN S., VERNOTTE FR. and RUBIOLA E., “Applying clock comparison methods to pulsar timing observations”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 503, 3, 4496-4507, DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab742.

DEGIOVANNI I.P., GRAMEGNA M., BIZE S., SCHERER H. and CHUNNILALL C., “EURAMET EMN-Q: The European metrology network for quantum technologies”, Measurement: Sensors, 2021, 18, 100348, DOI: 10.1016/j.measen.2021.100348.

DEY K., KARNESIS N., TOUBIANA A., BARAUSSE E., KORSAKOVA N., BAGHI Q. and BASAK S., “Effect of data gaps on the detectability and parameter estimation of massive black hole binaries with LISA”, Physical Review D, 2021, 104, 044035, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.104.044035.

DUBOSCLARD W., KIM S. and GARRIDO ALZAR C.L., “Nondestructive microwave detection of a coherent quantum dynamics in cold atoms”, Communications Physics, 2021, 4, 35, DOI: 10.1038/s42005-021-00541-3.

FENG W., FRIEDT J.-M., GOAVEC-MEROU G. and MEYER Fr., “Software-Defined Radio implemented GPS spoofing and its computationally efficient detection and suppression”, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society, 2021, 36, 3, 36-52, DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2020.3040491.

GORYACHEV M., CAMPBELL W.M., HENG I.S. , GALLIOU S., IVANOV E. and TOBAR M., “Rare events detected with a bulk acoustic wave high frequency gravitational wave antenna”, Physical Review Letters, 2021, 127, 071102, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.071102.

GUSCHING A., PETERSEN M., PASSILLY N., BRAZHNIKOV D., ABDEL H. and BOUDOT R., “Short-term stability of Cs microcell-stabilized lasers using dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy”, Journal of the Optical Society of America B (JOSA B), 2021, 38, 11, 3254-3260, DOI: 10.1364/JOSAB.438111.

KAUR N., FRANK F., PINTO J., TUCKEY PH. and POTTIE P.-E., “A 500-km cascaded White Rabbit link for high-performance frequency dissemination”, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2022, online: 8 Dec. 2021, 69, 2, 892-901, DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3134163.

LÉVÈQUE T., FALLET C., MANDÉA M., BIANCALE R., LEMOINE J.-M., TARDIVEL S., DELAVAULT S., PIQUEREAU A., BOURGOGNE S., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., BATTELIER B. and BOUYER Ph., “Gravity field mapping using laser-coupled quantum accelerometers in space”, Journal of Geodesy, 2021, 95, 15, DOI: 10.1007/s00190-020-01462-9.

LILLEY M., SAVALLE E., ANGONIN M.C., DELVA P., GUERLIN C., LE PONCIN-LAFITTE C., MEYNADIER F. and WOLF P., “ACES/PHARAO: high-performance space-to-ground and ground-to-ground clock comparison for fundamental physics”, GPS Solutions, 2021, 25, 34, DOI: 10.1007/s10291-020-01058-y.

MERLET S., GILLOT P., CHENG B., KARCHER R., IMANALIEV A., TIMMEN L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Calibration of a superconducting gravimeter with an absolute atom gravimeter”, Journal of Geodesy, 2021, 95, 62, DOI: 10.1007/s00190-021-01516-6.

MUKHERJEE S., MILLO J., MARECHAL B., DENIS S., GOAVEC-MEROU G., FRIEDT J.-M., KERSALÉ Y. and LACROUTE C., “Digital Doppler-cancellation servo for ultra-stable optical frequency dissemination over fiber”, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 2021, 69, 2, 878-885, DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3125066.

ROSENZIVEIG K., SOUMANN V., ABBÉ PH., DUBOIS B., COHADON P.-FR., PASSILLY N. and GALLIOU S., “Measurement of the refractive index at cryogenic temperature of absorptive silver thin films used as reflectors in a Fabry-Perot cavity ”, Applied Optics, 2021, 60, 35, 10945-10953, DOI: 10.1364/AO.434072.

SARKAR S., PICCON R., MERLET S. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Simple and robust architecture of a laser system for atom interferometry”, Optics Express, 2022, 30, 3, 3358-3366, DOI: 10.1364/OE.447073.

SAVALLE E., HEES A., FRANK F., CANTIN E., POTTIE P.-E., ROBERTS B.M., CROS L., MCALLISTER B.T. and WOLF P., “Searching for Dark Matter with an optical cavity and an unequal-delay Interferometer”, Physical Review Letters, 2021, 126, 5, 051301, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.051301.

VAN CAMP M., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., MURBÖCK M., PETIT G. and MÜLLER J., “Lasers and ultracold atoms for a changing Earth”, EOS Transactions, 2021, 102, DOI: 10.1029/2021EO210673.

VERNOTTE FR., RUBIOLA E. and CHEN S., “Response and uncertainty of the Parabolic Variance PVAR to non-integer exponents of the power law”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2021, 70, 6, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2021.3073721.

XU D., LOPEZ O., AMY-KLEIN A. and POTTIE P.-E., “Non-reciprocity in optical fiber links: experimental evidence”, Optics Express, 2021, 29, 17476, DOI: 10.1364/OE.420661.

XU D., LOPEZ O., AMY-KLEIN A. and POTTIE P.-E., “Polarization scramblers to solve practical limitations of frequency transfer”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2021, 39, 10, 3106-3111, DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2021.3057804.

YUN P., LI Q., HAO Q., LIU G., DE CLERCQ E., GUÉRANDEL S., LIU X., GU S., GAO Y. and ZHANG S., “High-performance coher ent population trapping atomic clock with direct-modulation distributed Bragg reflector laser”, Metrologia, 2021, 58, 4, 045001, DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/abffde.

THAI TUNG T., SESIA I., ACHKAR J., CHUPIN B., ROVERA D., PIESTER D., FUJIEDA M., GOTOH T. and TABUCHI R., “Code-and-carrier-phase based Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) Experiment Between INRiM, LNE-SYRTE and PTB”, 52nd Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications, Proceedings: 338-355, DOI: 10.33012/2021.17793, 25-28 January 2021.

CHEN Y.-J., HANSEN A., SHUKER M., BOUDOT R., KITCHING J. and DONLEY E.A., “Inertial sensing with point-source atom interferometry for interferograms with less than one fringe”, 2021 SPIE Photonics West”, San Francisco, United States, 11700, 21, 6-11 March 2021.

LILLEY M., SAVALLE E., ANGONIN M.C., DELVA P., GUERLIN C., LE PONCIN-LAFITTE Ch., MEYNADIER F. and WOLF P., “ACES/PHARAO: High performance space-to-ground and ground-to-ground clock comparison for fundamental physics”, 55^th Rencontres de Moriond – Gravitation, Proceedings edited by Augé, Dumarchez, Trân Thanh Vâan, https://moriond.in2p3.fr/2021/Registration/proceedings.html, 51, Online conference, 9-11 March 2021.

CARLÉ C., PETERSEN M., PASSILLY N., ABDEL H.M. and BOUDOT R., “Exploring Ramsey-CPT spectroscopy in a microcell atomic clock”, 2021 European Workshop on the Science and Technology of Hot Atomic Vapors, Stuttgart, Germany, Online Meeting, 22-24 March 2021.

FRIEDT J.-M., FENGW., RABUS D. and GOAVEC-MEROU G., “Real time GNSS spoofing detection and cancellation on embedded systems using Software Defined Radio”, 15^th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2021)”, DOI: 10.23919/EuCAP51087.2021.9411053, Dusseldorf, Germany, 22-26 March 2021.

BOUVIER A., CALOSSO C., YUN P., DE CLERCQ E. and GUÉRANDEL S., “Studies on the mid-term effects of the double modulation CPT clock”, 13^th International Conference on Space Optics, Online conference, 30 March – 4 April 2021.

JANVIER C., LAUTIER J., MERLET S., LANDRAGIN A., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and DESRUELLE B., “Pushing the stability of a Differential Quantum Gravimeter below 1Eötvös/1µGal”, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2021 (vEGU21), 9569, Austria, Online conference, 19-30 April 2021.

KNABE A., WU H., SCHILLING M., HOSSEINI A. A., MÜLLER J., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and BEAUFILS Q., “Future satellite gravity missions enhanced by cold atom interferometry accelerometers”, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2021 (vEGU21), 7612, Anstria, Online conference, 19-30 April 2021

MERLET S., GILLOT P., CHENG B., KARCHER R., IMANALIEV A., TIMMEN L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Calibration of a superconducting gravimeter with an absolute atom gravimeter”, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2021 (vEGU21), 10963, Austria, Online conference, 19-30 April 2021.

PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., VERMEULEN P., BONVALOT S., GABALDA G., LE MOIGNE N., CHAMPOLLION C., ANTONI-MICOLLIER L. and MERLET S., “One-year long common view measurements with continuous gravimeters”, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2021 (vEGU21), 12405, Austria, Online conference, 19-30 april 2021.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., HOLLEVILLE G., GUÉRANDEL S., MORVAN L. and DOLFI D., « Stabilisation de puissance optique d'un VECSEL bifréquence pour une horloge CPT compacte », Journée du Club Optique Micro-ondes de la SFO (JCOM 2021), Paris, France, 4 juin 2021.

PICCON R., SARKAR S., MERLET S. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., « Mesure du gradient de gravité par interférométrie de Bragg », Congrès Optique de la SFO, Dijon, France, 5-9 July 2021.

BAUDIQUEZ A., LANTZ E., RUBIOLA E. and VERNOTTE Fr., “95% Upper limit comparison between the cross-spectrum and the spectrum average with 5 radio-telescopes ”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

BOUVIER A., CALOSSO C., YUN P., DE CLERCQ E. and GUÉRANDEL S., “New microwave power control technique by light shift detection in the DM-CPT clock”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

BREGAZZI I., GRIFFIN P.F., ARNOLD A.S., ARNOLD D., MARTINEZ G., BOUDOT R., KITCHING J., RIIS E. and MCGILLIGAN J.P., “Imaging solutions for a planar stacked MOT”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

CARLÉ C., PETERSEN M., PASSILLY N., DE CLERCQ E., ABDEL H.M. and BOUDOT R., “Ramsey-CPT spectroscopy for a microcell atomic clock”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., HOLLEVILLE D., GUÉRANDEL S., MORVAN L., DOLFI D., SAGNES I., BEAUDOIN G., PANTZAS K., LUCAS-LECLIN G. and JANICOT S., “Progress on a highly compact Cesium CPT clock based on a dual-frequency VECSEL”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

DEFRAIGNE P., PINAT E., BERTRAND B., UHRICH P., CHUPIN B. and RIEDEL F., “Stability of hardware delays of GNSS signals”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

GUSCHING A., PETERSEN M., PASSILLY N., RYGER I., BRAZHNIKOV D., ABDEL H.M. and BOUDOT R., “In-progress study of microcell-stabilized lasers using dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

MEYNADIER F., PETIT G., TISSERAND L., ROVERA D., ACHKAR J., UHRICH P., RIEDEL F., THAI T.T., SESIA I. and COURDE C., “Validation of a New BIPM Calibration System based on GNSS Receivers for TWSTFT Links”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

UHRICH P., ABGRALL M., RIEDEL F., CHUPIN B., ACHKAR J. and ROVERA D., “An uut-of-band signal jamming GNSS L1-Band in Observatoire de Paris”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

UHRICH P., TUCKEY Ph. and ACHKAR J., “Intrinsic GNSS Metrological Traceability to UTC”, 2021 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS), Online conference, 7-17 July 2021.

CARLÉ C., GUSCHING A., PASSILLY N., RYGER I., MILLO J., PETERSEN M., BRAZHNIKOV D., ABDEL H.M. and BOUDOT R., “Cs microcell microwave and optical frequency references at FEMTO-ST”, Modern Problems on Laser Physics (MPLP 2021), Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, Online meeting, 23-31 August 2021.

ACHKAR J., HUANG Y.-J., FUJIEDA M., PIESTER D., STALIUNIENE E., CHUPIN B. and ARIAS E.F., “Study and characterization of a Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer link using Software-Defined Radio solutions to both code and carrier-phase signals”, 2021 XXXIVth General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS), 2021, IEEE/Conferences DOI: 10.23919/URSIGASS51995.2021.9560568, Rome, Italy, 28 August – 4 Sept 2021.

PESCHE M., FOURGEOT A., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and MERLET S., « Vers le nano-g avec un gravimètre absolu à atomes ultra-froids », AG de First-TF, Paris, France, 21-22 Sept. 2021.

JANVIER C., MÉNORET V., DESRUELLE B., MERLET S., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and LANDRAGIN A., Recent advances in quantum gravity sensors, First International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy, Proceedings: 3039-3042, DOI: 10.1190/segam2021-3580909.1, Colorado, USA, 26 Sept. - 1 Oct. 2021.

BEAUFILS Q., « CARIOQA : un banc d'essai pour l'interférométrie atomiquedans l'espace », Colloque du G2 (Géodésie-Geophysique) du CNFGG, Observatoire de Meudon, France, 22-24 Nov. 2021.

MÉNORET V., JANVIER C., DESRUELLE B., MERLET S., LANDRAGIN A. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., « Caractérisation d'un gravimètre quantique différentiel, Colloque du G2 (Géodésie-Geophysique) du CNFGG, Observatoire de Meudon, France, 22-24 Nov. 2021.

MERLET S., GILLOT P., CHENG B., KARCHER R., IMANALIEV A., TIMMEN L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., « Étalonnage du facteur d'échelle d'un gravimètre supraconducteur avec un gravimètre atomique absolu », Colloque du G2 (Géodésie-Geophysique) du CNFGG, Observatoire de Meudon, France, 22-24 Nov. 2021.

PESCHE M., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and MERLET S., « Vers le nano-g avec le projet TWAIN », SIRTEQ Annual meeting 2021, IOGS, Palaiseau, France, 26 Nov. 2021.

ZYSKIND C., ANDIA M., GUO CH. and BIZE S., “Towards the development of an optical lattice clock using bosonic isotopes of mercury”, SIRTEQ Annual meeting 2021, IOGS, Palaiseau, France, 26 Nov. 2021.