AVILÉS LUCAS P., AUBINEAU-LANIÈCE I., LOURENÇO V., VERMESSE D. et CUTARELLA D., “Using LiF:Mg,Cu,P TLDs to estimate the absorbed dose to water in liquid water around an ¹⁹²Ir brachytherapy source”, Medical Physics, 41, 2014, 011711, DOI: 10.1118/1.4851636

BISCH C., MOUGEOT X., BÉ M.-M. et NOURREDDINE A.-M., “Development of a system for measuring the shape of beta spectra using a semiconductor Si detector”, Nuclear Data Sheets, 120, 2014, 95-98, DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2014.07.016.

BOBIN C., BOUCHARD J., THIAM C. et MÉNESGUEN Y., “Digital pulse processing and optimization of the front-end electronics for nuclear instrumentation”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 195-199, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.090.

BOURRET S., VIANNA F., DEVES G., ATALLAH V., MORRETTO P., SEZNEC H. et BARBERET P., “Fluorescence time-lapse imaging of single cells targeted with a focused scanning charged-particle microbeam”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 325, 2014, 27-34.

CASSETTE PH. et TARTÈS I., “Experimental study of the influence of the counter et scintillator on the universal curves in the cross efficiency method in LSC”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 87, 2014, 32-37, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.128.

CASSETTE PH., OGHEARD F. et THIAM C., « Etalonnage du débit d’émission de sources neutroniques par le bain de manganèse, utilisant une nouvelle méthode de mesure en ligne d’activité de 56Mn par coïncidences Tcherenkov-gamma », Revue française de métrologie, 36, 2014, 39-54, DOI: 10.1051/rfm/2014012.

CHECHEV V.P. et BÉ M.-M., “Radioactive Equilibrium: ⁹⁹Mo/^99mTc Decay Characteristics”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 132-136, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.011.

DELAUNAY F., GOURIOU J., DAURES J., LE ROY M., OSTROWSKY A., RAPP B. et SOREL S., “New standards of absorbed dose to water under reference conditions by graphite calorimetry for ⁶⁰Co and high-energy X-rays at LNE-LNHB”, Metrologia, 51, 2014, 552–562, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/552.

FATTIBENE P., TROMPIER F., WIESER A., BRAI M., CIESIELSKI B., DE ANGELIS C., DELLA MONACA S., GARCIA T., GUSTAFSSON H., HOLE E.O., JUNIEWICZ M., KREFFT K., LONGO A., LÉVÊQUE P., LUND E., MARRALE M., MICHALEC B., MIERZWIŃSKA G., RAO J.L., ROMANYUKHA A.A. et TUNER H., “EPR dosimetry intercomparison using smart phone touch screen glass”, Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 53, 2014, 311-320, DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0533-x.

FERREUX L., LÉPY M.-CH., BÉ M.-M., ISNARD H. et LOURENÇO V., “Photon emission intensities in the decay of ^108mAg and ^110mAg”, Applied Radiation Isotope, 87, 2014, 101-106, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.101.

GRESSIER V., BONALDI A.C., DEWEY M.S., GILLIAM D.M., HARANO H., MASUDA A., MATSUMOTO T., MOISEEV N., NICO J.S., NOLTE R., OBERSTEDT S., ROBERTS N.J. et RÖTTGER S., THOMAS D.J., “International key comparison of neutron fluence measurements in monoenergetic neutron fields – CCRI(III)-K11”, Metrologia, 51, Techn. Suppl., 2014, 06009, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/51/1A/06009.

GRESSIER V., LACOSTE V., MARTIN A. et PEPINO M., “Characterization of a measurement reference standard and neutron fluence determination method in IRSN monoenergetic neutron fields”, Metrologia, 51, 5, 2014, 431-440, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/431.

HALTER E., THIAM C., BOBIN CH., BOUCHARD J., CHAMBELLAN D., CHAUVENET B., HAMEL M., ROCHA L., TROCMÉ M. et WOO R., “First TDCR measurements at low energies using a miniature x-ray tube”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 93, 2014, 7-12, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.03.007.

HORNBECK A., GARCIA T., CUTTAT M. et JENNY C., “Absolute calibration of the Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ and delivered dose verification using EPR/alanine dosimetry”, Medical Physics, 41, 2014, 061708, DOI: 10.1118/1.4873686.

HUBERT G., REGIS D., CHEMINET A., GATTI M. et LACOSTE V., “Multi-physics modelling contributions to investigate the atmospheric cosmic ray on the single event upset sensitivity along the scaling trend of CMOS technologies”, Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, 161, 2014, 290-294.

JEAN-BAPTISTE P., CASSETTE PH., FOURRE E., TARTES I.  et DAPOIGNY A., “Measurement of a French national tritiated water standard by helium-3 mass spectrometry”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 157-161, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.126.

JOHANSSON L., FILTZ J.-R., DEFELICE P., SADLI M., DINSDALE A., HAY B., POMMÉ S., CASSETTE PH. et KEIGHTLEY J., “Metrology for new generation nuclear power plants - MetroFission”, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 61, 2014, 2017-2023, DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2014.2320793.

JUDGE S.M., COLLÉ R., Chauvenet B., DE FELICE P., ARNOLD D., GARCIA-TORANO E. et WÄTJEN U., “100 years of radionuclide metrology”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 87, 2014, 27-31, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.121.

KELLETT M.A. et BÉ M.-M., “^148g,mPm: Evaluation of the decay schemes for two important reactor poisons”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 95, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.009.

KOSSERT K., ALTZITZOGLOU T., AUERBACH P., BÉ M.-M., BOBIN C., CASSETTE PH., GARCÍA-TORAÑO E., GRIGAUT-DESBROSSES H., ISNARD H., LOURENÇO V., NÄHLE O., PAEPEN J., PEYRÉS V., POMMÉ S., ROZKOV A., SANCHEZ-CABEZUDO I., SOCHOROVÁ J., THIAM C. et VAN AMMEL R., “Results of the EURAMET.RI(II)-K2.Ho-166m activity comparison”, Metrologia, 51, Tech. Suppl., 2014, 06021, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/51/1A/06021.

KOSSERT K., CASSETTE PH., GRAU CARLES A., JÖRG G., LIERSE C., GOSTOMSKI V., NÄHLE O. et WOLF CH., “Extension of the TDCR model to compute counting efficiencies for radionuclides with complex decay schemes”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 242-248, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.004.

LEMAIRE H., ABOU KHALIL R., AMGAROU K., ANGÉLIQUE J.-C., BONNET F., DE TORO D., CARREL F., GIARMANA O., GMAR M., MENAA N., MENESGUEN Y., NORMAND S., PATOZ A., SCHOEPFF V., TALENT P. et TIMI T., “Implementation of an imaging spectrometer for localization and identification of radioactive sources”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 763, 2014, 97-103, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.05.118.

LÉPY M.-C., CISSÉ O.I. et PIERRE S., “Comparison of digital signal processing modules in gamma-ray spectrometry”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 402-406, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.015.

LOIDL M., LE-BRET C., RODRIGUES M. et MOUGEOT X., “Evidence for the exchange effect down to very low energy in the beta decays of ⁶³Ni and ²⁴¹Pu”, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 176, 5-6, 2014, 1040-1045, DOI: 10.1007/s10909-014-1190-9.

LOIDL M., MOUGEOT X., BE M.-M., BISCH C., LE-BRET C. et RODRIGUES M., « Effets atomiques sur les émissions bêta à basse énergie : calcul et mesure », Revue française de métrologie, 4, 2014, 36, 3-10, DOI: 10.1051/rfm/2014012.

LOIDL M., RODRIGUES M., LE-BRET C. et MOUGEOT X., “Beta spectrometry with metallic magnetic calorimeters”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, may 2014, 302-305, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.024.

LOIDL M., RODRIGUES M., NAVICK X.F., FLEISCHMANN A., GASTALDO L. et ENSS C., “Concept of metallic magnetic calorimeters for rare event search in the LUMINEU project”, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 176, 5-6, 2014, 624-630, DOI: 10.1007/s10909-013-1023-2.

LOURENÇO V., FERREUX L., LACOUR D., LE GARRÉRÈS I. et MORELLI S., “Preparation of spiked grass for use as an environmental radioactivity reference material”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, may 2014, 456-460, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.034.

LUCA A. et LÉPY M.-C., “Correction to the recommended γ-ray emission intensity of the 255.13 keV photons in the decay of ¹¹³Sn”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 94, 2014, 147-148, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.07.014.

MAIRE D., BILLARD J., BOSSON G., BOURRION O., GUILLAUDIN O., LAMBLIN J., LEBRETON L., MAYET F., MEDARD J., MURAZ J.F., RICHER J.P., RIFFARD Q. et SANTOS D., “Development of a μ-TPC detector as a standard instrument for low-energy neutron field characterization”, Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, 161, 2014, 245-248.

MAIRE D., BILLARD J., BOSSON G., BOURRION O., GUILLAUDIN O., LAMBLIN J., LEBRETON L., MAYET F., MEDARD J., MURAZ J.F., PETIT M., RICHER J.P., RIFFARD Q. et SANTOS D., “First Measurement of a 127 keV Neutron Field with a μ-TPC Spectrometer”, IEEE Transaction on Nuclear Sciences, 61, 2014, 2090-2096.

MILJANI S., BORDY J.-M., D'ERRICO F., HARRISON R. et OLKO P., “Out-of-field dose measurements in radiotherapy – An overview of activity of EURADOS Working Group 9: Radiation protection in medicine”, Radiation Measurements, 71, 2014, 270-275.

MOUGEOT X. et BISCH C., “Consistent calculation of the screening et exchange effects in allowed β− transitions”, Physical Review A, 90, 2014, 012501.

MOUGEOT X., BÉ M.-M., BISCH C. et LOIDL M., “Corrections for exchange et screening effects in low-energy beta decays”, Nuclear Data Sheets, 120, 2014, 129-132, DOI: 10.1016/j.nds.2014.07.026.

MOUGEOT X., BÉ M.-M. et BISCH C., “Calculation of beta spectral shapes”, Radioprotection, 49, 4, 2014, 269-273.

PLAGNARD J., “Comparison of measured and calculated spectra emitted by the X-ray tube used at the Gustave Roussy radiobiological service”, X-ray Spectrometry, 43, 2014, 298-304.

POMMÉ S., LOIDL M., GARCÍA-TORAÑO E., MAROULI M., LE-BRET C., CRESPO M.T., PAEPEN J., MOUGEOT X., JOBBÁGY V., RODRIGUES M., VAN AMMEL R., STROH H. et LUCA A., “Lessons learned from nuclear decay data measurements in the European Metrology Research Programme Metro Fission”, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 61, 2014, 2066-2070, DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2014.2317071.

RAPP B., PERICHON N., DENOZIERE M., DAURES J., OSTROWSKY A. et BORDY J.-M., « Établissement de références en dose absorbée dans l’eau par calorimétrie dans l’eau au LNE-LNHB pour les rayons X de moyenne énergie », Revue française de métrologie, 35, 3, 2014, 15-23, DOI: 10.1051/rfm/2014010.

RODRIGUES M., LEPY M.-C., CASSETTE PH., MOUGEOT X. et BE M.-M., “Standardization of xenon-127 and measurement of photon emission intensities”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 342-347, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.066.

RODRIGUES M., LOIDL M., PIES C., FLEISCHMANN A. et ENSS C., “Development of large bismuth absorbers with magnetic calorimeters for X-ray spectrometry”, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 176, 2014, 610-616, DOI: 10.1007/s10909-014-1124-6.

SAMPAIO J.M., MADEIRA T.I., MARQUES  J.-P., PARENTE F., COSTA A.M., INDELICATO P., SANTOS J.P., LÉPY M.-CH. et MÉNESGUEN Y., “Approaches for theoretical and experimental determinations of K-shell decay rates and fluorescence yields in Ge”, Physical Review A, 89, 2014, 012512.

TRAN Q.T., DE SANOIT J., PIERRE S., ARNAULT J.-C. et BERGONZO P., “Diamond electrodes for trace alpha pollutant sequestration via covalent grafting of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) ligand”, Electrochimica Acta, 136, 2014, 430-434, DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.087.

VIDMAR T., CAPOGNI M., HULT M., HURTADO S., KASTLANDER J., LUTTER G., LÉPY M.-C., MARTINKOVIČ J., RAMEBÄCK H., SIMA O., TZIKA F. et VIDMAR G., “Equivalence of computer codes for calculation of coincidence summing correction factors”, Applied Radiation Isotopes, 87, 2014, 336-341, DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.045.

WÄTJEN U., ALTZITZOGLOU T., CECCATELLI A., DIKMEN H., FERREUX L., FRECHOU C., GARCÍA L., GÜNDOĞDU G., KIS-BENEDEK G., LA ROSA J., LUCA A., MORENO Y., OROPESA P., PIERRE S., SCHMIEDEL M., SPASOVA Y., SZÜCS L., VASILE M., WERSHOFEN H. et YÜCEL Ü., “Activity concentration measurements of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr and ⁴⁰K in a wild food matrix reference material (Wild Berries) CCRI(II)-S8”, Metrologia, 51, Tech. Suppl., 2014, 06007, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/51/1A/06007.

BÉ M.-M., “Decay Data and Atomic Data Evaluation”, 7th workshop of the International initiative on X-ray fundamental parameters, Paris, France, 25-26 mars 2014.

CHABERT I., LAZARO-PONTHUS D., BARAT E., DAUTREMER T., MONTAGU T., AGELOU M., DUPUIS P., GASSA F. et DE CARLAN L., « Développement d'un nouveau modèle de sources virtuelles pour la prédiction Monte-Carlo d'images EPID et implémentation dans PENELOPE », 5^es Journées scientifiques francophones « Codes de calcul en radioprotection, radiophysique et dosimétrie » de la SFRP, Paris, France, 25-26 mars 2014.

DELOULE S., PLAGNARD J., DENOZIERE M., AUBINEAU-LANIECE I. et DAURES J., « Evaluation du spectre émis par un tube à rayons X : comparaison des résultats obtenus par calculs et spectrométrie », 5^es Journées scientifiques francophones « Codes de calcul en radioprotection, radiophysique et dosimétrie » de la SFRP, Paris, France, 25-26 mars 2014.

GOURIOU J., MILLAN G., CUTARELLA D., PLAGNARD J. et AUBINEAU-LANIECE I., « Estimation de l’incertitude globale associée à une référence en termes de dose dans l’eau pour la curiethérapie bas débit de dose », 5^es Journées scientifiques francophones « Codes de calcul en radioprotection, radiophysique et dosimétrie » de la SFRP, Paris, France, 25-26 mars 2014.

LE ROY M., DE CARLAN L., BORDY J-M., CACCIA B., ANDENNA C., CHARIMADURAI A., PALANI SELVAM T., CZARNECKI D., ZINK K., GSCHWIND R., MARTIN E., HUOT N., ZOUBAIR M. et EL BARDOUNI T., « Exercice d'intercomparaison de codes Monte Carlo pour la modélisation d'un accélérateur linéaire médical », 5^es Journées scientifiques francophones « Codes de calcul en radioprotection, radiophysique et dosimétrie » de la SFRP,  Paris, France, 25-26 mars 2014.

MAIRE D. et PETIT M.,“ Lecture et exploitation complète des informations du PTRAC de MCNP”, 5^es Journées scientifiques francophones « Codes de calcul en radioprotection, radiophysique et dosimétrie » de la SFRP, Paris, France, 25-26 mars 2014.

CHABERT I., LAZARO-PONTHUS D., BARAT E., DAUTREMER T., MONTAGU T., AGELOU M., DUPUIS P., GASSA F. et DE CARLAN L., “Development of a new virtual source model for portal image prediction”, 33^rd Congress of European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO 2014), Vienne, Autriche, 4-8 avril 2014.

LE ROY M., DE CARLAN L., BORDY J-M., CACCIA B., ANDENNA C., CHARIMADURAI A., PALANI SELVAM T., CZARNECKI D., ZINK K., GSCHWIND R., MARTIN E., HUOT N., ZOUBAIR M. et EL BARDOUNI T., “Intercomparison exercise on MC modelling of a medical linear accelerator”, 2nd MetroMRT Scientific Workshop, Paris, France, 21-22 mai 2014.

MOUGEOT X., “Calculation of beta spectra, the most common assumptions and how to go beyond”, 2nd MetroMRT Scientific Workshop, Paris, France, 21-22 mai 2014.

BOYER B., LÉPY M. et MENESGUEN Y., “CASTOR: a new goniometer for grazing incidence X-Ray analysis at the SOLEIL synchrotron”, ALTECH 2014 (E-MRS Spring meeting 2014), Lille, France, 26-30 mai 2014.

MENESGUEN Y. et LEPY M.-CH.  “Measurement of X-ray fundamental parameters for characterization of nanomaterials”, ALTECH 2014 (E-MRS Spring meeting 2014), Lille, France, 26-30 mai 2014

BACHAALANY M., “A position sensitive Recoil Proton Telescope for energy measurement of fast neutron fields”, International Workshop on Position Sensitive Neutron Detectors, Jülich, Allemagne, 2-4 juin 2014.

MAIRE D., “Reconstruction of neutron energies with the μ-TPC detector for monoenergetic neutron fields produced at the AMANDE facility”, International Workshop on Position Sensitive Neutron Detectors, Jülich, Allemagne, 2-4 juin 2014.

ADRIEN C., CROC A., GARCIA-HERNANDEZ J., DREUIL S., PLAGNARD J., POUMAREDE B., LE LOIREC C. et BORDY J., « Développement d'un logiciel Monte-Carlo pour le calcul de dose en imagerie scanographique », 53^es Journées scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale, Deauville, France, 4-6 juin 2014.

BORDY J-M., « Proposition d'un critère d'aide pour le choix entre une mesure directe et une évaluation indirecte de l'équivalent de dose au cristallin en dosimétrie de routine des travailleurs », 53^es Journées scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale, Deauville, France, 4-6 juin 2014.

CHABERT I., LAZARO-PONTHUS D., BARAT E., DAUTREMER T., MONTAGU T., AGELOU M., DUPUIS P., GASSA F. et DE CARLAN L., « Développement d'un nouveau modèle de sources virtuelles pour la prédiction Monte-Carlo d'images EPID et implémentation dans PENELOPE ». 53^es Journées scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale, Deauville, France, 4-6 juin 2014.

DUFRENEIX S, « Etablissement de références dosimétriques dans les mini-faisceaux à l’aide d’une nouvelle grandeur dosimétrique », 53^es Journées scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale, Deauville, France, 4-6 juin 2014.

DUFRENEIX S., BORDY J.-M., DELAUNAY F., DAURES J., GOURIOU J., LE ROY M., OSTROWSKY A., RAPP B. et SOMMIER L., « Mise en service des films EBT3 pour la mesure de profils et d'intégrales de dose dans les mini-faisceaux », 53^es Journées scientifiques de la Société Française de Physique Médicale, Deauville, France, 4-6 juin 2014.

BISCH C., “Experimental study of beta spectra using a semiconductor Si detector”, Symposium on Radiation Measurements and Applications (SORMA XV), Université du Michigan, Ann Arbor, Etats-Unis, 9- 12 juin 2014.

MOUGEOT X., “Calculation of beta spectra - The most common assumptions and how to go beyond”, IAEA Technical Meeting on Improvement of Analysis Codes for Nuclear Structure and Decay Data  Evaluations (NSDD), Vienne, Autriche, 10-13 juin 2014.

BOYER B., LÉPY M. et MENESGUEN Y., “CASTOR: a new goniometer for grazing incidence X-Ray analysis at the SOLEIL synchrotron”, European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry (EXRS 2014), Bologne, Italie, 16-22 juin 2014.

LÉPY M., MÉNESGUEN Y., BOYER B. et RODRIGUES M.,“Study of L X-rays of bismuth induced by Pb-210 disintegration and by photoionization”, European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry (EXRS 2014), Bologne, Italie, 16-22 juin 2014.

MENESGUEN Y., BOYER B. et LÉPY M.-CH., « Accurate Measurement of fundamental parameters for characterization of nanomaterials”, European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry (EXRS 2014), Bologne, Italie, 16-22 juin 2014.

MÉNESGUEN Y., LÉPY M.-CH., RODRIGUES M., BOYER B., TROUSSEL P. et LIDOVE G., “Absolute calibration of photodetectors using a cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer”, European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry (EXRS 2014), Bologne, Italie, 16-22 juin 2014.

RODRIGUES M., LOIDL M., MÉNESGUEN Y. et LÉPY M., “L X-ray intensities of Np from Am-241 disintegration using a metallic magnetic calorimeter (MMC)”, European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry (EXRS 2014), Bologne, Italie, 16-22 juin 2014.

BE M.-M., “Improvement of NORM related decay data”, Conférence EU-NORM 2014, Prague, République Tchèque, 17-19 juin 2014.

CHABERT I., LAZARO-PONTHUS D., BARAT E., DAUTREMER T., MONTAGU T., AGELOU M., CROC A., GARCIA-HERNANDEZ J., BENKREIRA M., NIGOUL J., GEMPP S. et DE CARLAN L., “Development of a new virtual source model for portal image prediction using the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE”, International Workshop on Monte Carlo Techniques in Medical Physics (MCW 2014), Québec, Canada, 17-20 juin 2014.

GARCIA HERNANDEZ J., BESSIÈRES I., BORDY J.M. et POUMARÈDE B., “Peripheral dose estimation with pseudo-deterministic transport in C++ version of PENELOPE”, International Workshop on Monte Carlo Techniques in Medical Physics (MCW 2014), Québec, Canada, 17-20 juin 2014.

ADRIEN-DECOENE C., CROC A., GARCIA-HERNANDEZ J., DREUIL S., PLAGNARD J., POUMARÈDE B., LE LOIREC C. et BORDY J.-M., “Monte Carlo software for dose calculation in CT examinations”, Joint Conference of the SGSMP, DGMP, ÖGMP (SGSMP-DGMP-ÖGMP 2014), Zurich, Suisse, 7-10 septembre 2014.

BÉ M.-M., “Improved half-life data for long-lived radio-nuclides present in wastes”, 3rd MetroRWM Workhop of stakeholders and users, Husinec-Rez, République Tchèque, 11 septembre 2014.

CASSETTE PH., MITEV K., GEORGIEV S., DIMITROVA I., SABOT B., TARTÈS I., BOSHKOVA T. et PRESSYANOV D., “Absolute measurement of the activity of Radon-222 absorbed in thin polycarbonate foils”, 9th International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment Conférence (NRE-9), Hirosaki, Japon, 23-26 septembre 2014.

PIERRE S., CASSETTE PH., LE GARRÉRÈS I., MENESGUEN Y. et SABOT B., “Factors of influence in the measurement of Radon activity standards using an ionization chamber and a gamma ray spectrometer”, 9th International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment Conférence (NRE-9), Hirosaki, Japon, 23-26 septembre 2014.

SABOT B., PIERRE S., CASSETTE PH. et MICHIELSEN N., “A primary thoron activity standard for the calibration of thoron measurement instruments”, 9th International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment Conférence (NRE-9), Hirosaki, Japon, 23-26 septembre 2014.

BÉ M.-M., “Improvements of Decay Data in RW and NORM materials”, DDEP 2014, IFIN-HH, Bucarest, Roumanie, 6-8 octobre 2014.

MOUGEOT X., “Experimental study of beta spectra using a semiconductor silicon detector”, DDEP 2014, IFIN-HH, Bucarest, Roumanie, 6-8 octobre 2014.

ADRIEN C., CROC A., GARCIA-HERNANDEZ J., DREUIL S., PLAGNARD J., POUMAREDE B., LE LOIREC C. et BORDY J.-M., “Monte Carlo software for dose calculation in CT examination”, 6th International MELODI Workshop, MELODI, Barcelonne, Espagne; 7-9 octobre 2014.

BORDY J-M., « EURAMET e.V. - EMPIR un outil de recherche », 31^es Journées LARD (Laboratoires Associés de Radiophysique et de Dosimétrie), Saclay, France, 13-14 octobre 2014.

DUFRENEIX S., « Etablissement de références dosimétriques dans les faisceaux de rayons X de haute énergie et de très petites sections (<1 cm²) pour la radiothérapie », 31^es Journées LARD (Laboratoires Associés de Radiophysique et de Dosimétrie), Saclay, France, 13-14 octobre 2014.

MÉNESGUEN Y., BOYER B. et LÉPY M.-CH., “Accurate measurement of fundamental parameters for characterization of nanomaterials”, Nanotech Italy International Conference (NanotechItaly 2014), Venise, Italy, 26-28 novembre 2014.

MOUGEOT X., « Évaluation des spectres b - Excursions d’un expérimentateur en pays de Théorie », Séminaire de l’Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France, 18 décembre 2014.

AMIOT M.N., CHISTÉ V., FITZGERALD R., JUGET F, MICHOTTE C., PEARCE A., RATEL G. et ZIMMERMAN B.E., “Uncertainty evaluation in activity measurements using ionization chambers”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 108-122.

BÉ M.-M., CHECHEV V.P. et PEARCE A., “Uncertainties in nuclear data evaluations”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 66-72.

BÉ M.-M., ISNARD H., CASSETTE PH., MOUGEOT X., LOURENÇO V., ALTZITZOGLOU T., POMMÉ S., ROŽKOV A., AUERBACH P., SOCHOROVÁ J., DZIEL T., DERSCH R., KOSSERT K., NÄHLE O., KRIVOŠÍK M., OMETÁKOVÁ J., STADELMANN G., NONELL A. et CHARTIER F., “Determination of the ¹⁵¹Sm half-life”, Radiochimica Acta, 103, 2015, 619-626.

BORDY J.-M., “Monitoring of eye lens doses in radiation protection”, Radioprotection, 50, 3, 2015, 177-185.

CASSETTE PH., BOCHUD F. et KEIGHTLEY J., “Example of Monte Carlo uncertainty assessment in the field of radionuclide metrology”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 42-50.

CLAIRAND I., GINJAUME M., VANHAVERE F., CARINOU E., DAURES J., DENOZIÈRE M., SILVA E.H., ROIG M., PRINCIPI S. et VAN RYCHEGHEM L., “First Eurados intercomparison exercise of eye lens dosemeters for medical applications”, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2015, 1-6.

DELAUNAY F., DONOIS M., GOURIOU J., LEROY E. et OSTROWSKY A., « Nouvelles chambres d’ionisation primaires du LNE-LNHB pour la détermination du kerma dans l’air dans un faisceau de cobalt-60 », Revue française de métrologie, 38, 2015, 3-10, DOI: 10.1051/rfm/2015005.

DUFRENEIX S., OSTROWSKY A., LE ROY M., SOMMIER L., GOURIOU J., DELAUNAY F., RAPP B., DAURES J. et BORDY J-M, “Using a dose-area product for absolute measurements in small fields: a feasibility study”, Phys. Med. Biol., 61, 2016, 650-662.

DZYSIUKA N., KADENKO I., GRESSIER V. et KONING A.J., “Cross section measurement of the ¹⁵⁹Tb(n, γ)Tb160 nuclear reaction”, Nuclear Physics A, 936, 2015, 6-16.

FITZGERALD R., BAILAT C., BOBIN CH. et KEIGHTLEY J.D., “Uncertainties in 4πβ–γ coincidence counting”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 86-96.

KOSSERT K. et MOUGEOT X., “The importance of the beta spectrum calculation for accurate activity determination of 63Ni by means of liquid scintillation counting”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 101, 2015, 40-43.

KOSSERT K., BRODA R., CASSETTE PH., RATEL G. et ZIMMERMAN B., “Uncertainty determination for activity measurements by means of the TDCR method and the CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing technique”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 172-190.

LE ROY M., DUFRENEIX S., DAURES J., DELAUNAY F., GOURIOU J., OSTROWSKY A., RAPP B., SOMMIER L., VERMESSE D. et BORDY J.-M., “Establishment of dosimetric references in terms of dose-area product for small sizes MV X-ray beams”, Physica Medica, 31, 2015, 23-54.

LEPY M.-CH. et MENESGUEN Y., « Développement de la métrologie des photons X avec des sources monochromatiques accordables », Revue française de métrologie, 37, 2015, 13-20, DOI: 10.1051/rfm/2015002.

LÉPY M.-CH., PEARCE A. et SIMA O., “Uncertainties in gamma-ray spectrometry”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 123-145.

LOIDL M., RODRIGUES M. et al., “Development and underground test of radiopure ZnMoO4 scintillating bolometers for the LUMINEU 0n2b project”, JINST, 10, 2015, P05007, DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/10/05/P05007.

LOURENÇO V. et BOBIN CH., “Weighing uncertainties in quantitative source preparation for radionuclide metrology”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 18-29.

LOURENÇO V., BOBIN CH., CHISTÉ V., LACOUR D., RIGOULAY F., TAPNER M., THIAM C. et FERREUX L., “Primary standardization of SIR-Spheres based on the dissolution of the ⁹⁰Y-labeled resin microspheres”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 97, 2015, 170-176.

LOURENÇO V., LACOUR D., FERREUX L., LE GARRERES I., et MORELLI S., « Amélioration de la traçabilité des mesures environnementales de radioactivité via la production de matériaux marqués », Revue française de métrologie, 39, 2015, 3-13, DOI: 10.1051/rfm/2015010.

MOUGEOT X., “Reliability of usual assumptions in the calculation of β and ν spectra”, Physical Review C, 91, 055504, 2015, Erratum Physical Review C, 92, 059902(E).

NEDJADI Y., BAILAT C., CAFFARI Y., CASSETTE PH. et BOCHUD F., “Set-up of a new TDCR counter at IRA-METAS”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 97, 2015, 113-117.

SABOT B., CASSETTE PH., BONDIGUEL S., MICHIELSEN N. et PIERRE S., “Development of a primary thoron activity standard for the calibration of thoron measurement instruments”, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2015, 70-74.

THIAM C., BOBIN CH., MARINGER F.J., PEYRES V. et POMMÉ S., “Assessment of the uncertainty budget associated with 4πγ counting”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, S97-S107.

TZIKA F., HULT M., BURDA O., ARNOLD D., SIBBENS G., CARO MARROYO B., GÓMEZ–MANCEBO M.B., PEYRÉS V., MOSER H., FERREUX L., ŠOLC J., DRYÁK P., FAZIO A., LUCA A., VODENIK B., REIS M., TYMINSKI Z. et KLEMOLA S., “Interlaboratory comparison on ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in fume dust”, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 116, 2015, 106-110, DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.03.043.

UNTERWEGER M., JOHANSSON L., KARAM L., RODRIGUES M. et YUNOKI A., “Uncertainties in internal gas counting”, Metrologia, 52, 3 (Uncertainties in Radionuclide Metrology), 2015, 156-164.

BACHAALANY M., LEBRETON L., HUSSON D. et HIGUERET S. ,“A new recoil proton telescope for energy and fluence measurement and characterization of fast neutron reference fields”, ANIMMA 2015, Lisbonne, Portugal, 20-24 avril 2015.

BORDY J.-M., “Proposal for a criterion to choose between a direct or indirect evaluation of eye lens doses”, International Conference on Individual Monitoring of Ionising Radiation, Bruges, Belgique, 20-24 avril 2015.

HUPE O., ROTH J., DENOZIÈRE M. et BORDY J.-M., “International Measurements at the pulsed radiation facility of LNHB according to the novel Technical Specification ISO/TS 18090-1: Characteristics of reference pulsed radiation – Part 1: Photon radiation” , Conference on Individual Monitoring of Ionising Radiation, Bruges, Belgique, 20-24 avril 2015.

MAIRE D., BOSSON G., GUILLAUDIN O., LEBRETON L. et MURAZ J.-F., QUERRE P., RIFFARD Q. et SANTOS D., “Neutron fluence and energy reconstruction with the LNE-IRSN/MIMAC recoil detector microTPC at 27 kev”, ANIMMA 2015, Lisbonne, Portugal, 20-24 avril 2015.

ADRIEN C., LE LOIREC C., DREUIL S., GREVENT D., BERTELOOT L., HABIB B. et BORDY J.-M., “Use of Rose criterion for image quality pre-optimization in computed tomography”, Optimisation in X-ray and Molecular Imaging (OXMI) 2015, Gothenburg, Suède, 28-30 mai 2015.

SHARROCK P., BRUMAS V., COULAUD J., FIALLO M., DEDIEU V., STIEN C. et BORDY J.-M., “Radiation-sensitive phantom with paramagnetic metal ions for 3-D MRI dosimetry of radiotherapy”, XXVe International Conference on Coordination and Bioinorganic chemistry, Session D, Complexes in human medecine and the environment., 50th anniversary of ICCBIC, Slovak academy of sciences, Smolenice, Slovaquie, 31 mai - 5 juin 2015.

BOBIN CH., “Calculation of extrapolation curves in the 4π(LS)β-γ coincidence technique with the Monte Carlo code Geant4”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

BOBIN CH., “Real-time radionuclide identification in γ-emitter mixtures based on spiking neural network”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

CASSETTE PH., “H-3 activity comparison between CPST, VNIIM and LNHB”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

CASSETTE PH., “Quench; a software package for the determination of quenching curves in liquid scintillation counting”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

DIMITROVA I., GEORGIEV S., PRESSYANOV D., SABOT B., MICHIELSEN N., BONDIGUEL S., MITEV K. et CASSETTE PH., “Influence of the type of CD case on the track density distribution in CDS exposed to thoron”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

FERREUX L., “Improvement of a low-level measurement system used at LNHB”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015

KELLETT M.-A., “Lu-177: DDEP evaluation of the decay scheme for an emerging radiopharmaceutical”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

LÉPY M.-C., “Determination of photon emission intensities in the decay of I-131”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

RODRIGUES M., “Determination of absolute photon emission intensities of Pb-210”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

MÉNESGUEN Y., “Measurement of partial L fluorescence yields of bismuth using synchrotron radiation”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

MOUGEOT X., “Relevance of usual approximations in beta calculations: systematic comparison with experimental shape factors”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

RODRIGUES M., “L X-ray satellite effects on the determination of photon emission intensities of radionuclides”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

SABOT B., “A new thoron atmosphere reference measurement system”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

THIAM C., “Investigation of the response variability of ionization chambers for the standard transfer of SIR-Spheres”, 20th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications, Vienne, Autriche, 8-11 juin 2015.

BORDY J.-M., ANDERSEN C., ANKERHOLD U., DEDIEU V., DELAUNAY F., DE POOTER J., COMPELL J., DUANE S., KAPSCH R.P, KOSUNEN A., MACHULA G., MARINELLI M., PALMANS H., PIMPINELLA M., VERONA RINATI G. et SOLC J., “An introduction to the metrology for radiotherapy using complex radiation fields – HLT09 EMRP Project”, 54^es Journées scientifiques de la SFPM, Lille, France, 10-12 juin 2015.

DEDIEU V., STIEN C., SHARROCK P., FIALLO M., BRUMAS V., JAHANBIN T., SELABI R., COULAUD J. et BORDY J.-M., “Development of a new tissue equivalent material for 3D chemical dosimetry by MRI and feasibility of e-control service of TPS”, 54^es Journées scientifiques de la SFPM, Lille, France, 10-12 juin 2015.

DELAUNAY F., PIMPINELLA M., DUANE S., BORDY J.-M., BOUCHARD H., CAPORALI C., DAURES J., DE COSTE V., DUFRENEIX S., GOURIOU J., GUERRA A.S., LE ROY M., OSTROWSKY A., RAPP B., SILVESTRE PATALLO I., SILVI L., SOMMIER L. et VERMESSE D., “Exploring Integral Quantities for high-energy x-rays small fields”, 54^es Journées scientifiques de la SFPM, Lille, France, 10-12 juin 2015.

LE ROY M., DUFRENEIX S., DAURES J., DELAUNAY F., GOURIOU J., OSTROWSKY A., RAPP B., SOMMIER L., VERMESSE D. et BORDY J.-M., “Establishment of dosimetric references in terms of dose-area product for small sizes MV X-ray beams”, 54^es Journées scientifiques de la SFPM, Lille, France, 10-12 juin 2015..

LOURENÇO V., BOBIN CH., CHISTE V., FERREUX L., LACOUR D., RIGOULAY F. et THIAM C., « Réalisation d’une référence nationale pour les microsphères de ⁹⁰Y SIR-Spheres utilisées en radiothérapie interne sélective », 54^es Journées scientifiques de la SFPM, Lille, France, 10-12 juin 2015

PIMPINELLA M., CAPORALI C., GUERRA A.S., SILVI L., DE COSTE V., PETRUCCI A., DELAUNAY F., DUFRENEIX S., GOURIOU J., OSTROWSKY A., RAPP B., BORDY J.-M., DAURES J., LE ROY M., SOMMIER L. et VERMESSE D., “Feasibility of using integral quantities to specify the beam quality of radiotherapy photon beams with small field sizes”, 54^es Journées scientifiques de la SFPM, Lille, France, 10-12 juin 2015.

STIEN C., DEDIEU V., SHARROCK P., MACHU A., COULAUD J., FIALLO M., BRUMAS V. et BORDY J.-M., “Characterization of a new tissue-equivalent dosimeter for 3D dose distribution measurements”, 54^es Journées scientifiques de la SFPM, Lille, France, 10-12 juin 2015.

BIAU A. et BORDY J.-M., « Mesure de la « dose » due à l’exposition professionnelle aux rayonnements ionisants : Objectifs et Evolutions », Congrès national de radioprotection SFRP, Reims, France, 18 juin 2015.

CHAPON A. et BORDY J.-M., « Vérification de l’étalonnage de radiamètres au moyen d’un accélérateur d’électron », Congrès national de radioprotection SFRP, Reims, France, 18 juin 2015.

RODRIGUES M., “A metallic magnetic calorimeter for measuring atomic fundamental parameter by X-ray spectrometry”, 16th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors (LTD-16), Grenoble, France, 24-28 juillet 2015.

BORDY J.-M., ANDERSEN C., ANKERHOLD U., DEDIEU V., DELAUNAY F., DE POOTER J., COMPELL J., DUANE S., KAPSCH R.-P., KOSUNEN A., MACHULA G., MARINELLI M., PALMANS H., PIMPINELLA M., VERONA RINATI G. et SOLC J., “Metrology for radiotherapy using complex radiation fields – HLT09 EMRP Project”, 17^e Congrès international de métrologie, Paris, France, 21-24 septembre 2015.

AMIOT M.-N, “Development of a new type of dosimeter “Epresize®” for EPR-dosimetry adapted to subcentimeter field size”, Congrès EPR BioDose 2015, Hanover, États-Unis d'Amérique, 4-8 octobre 2015.

DUSCIAC D., BORDY J.-M., DAURES J. et BLIDEANU V., « High energy photon reference for radiation protection: technical design of the LINAC beam and ionization chambers; and calculation of monoenergetic conversion coefficients », 32^es Journées des L.A.R.D. (Laboratoires Associés de Radiophysique et Dosimétrie), Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France, 9-10 novembre 2015.

MENESGUEN Y., « Métrologie des coefficients d’atténuation massique », 11^e Colloque Rayons X et Matière (RX 2015), Grenoble, France, 1-4 décembre 2015.

MENESGUEN Y., LEPY M.-CH., BOYER B. et NOVIKOVA A., « CASTOR, un instrument d’analyse combinée Réflectivité/ Fluorescence aux petits angles », 11^e Colloque Rayons X et Matière (RX 2015), Grenoble, France, 1-4 décembre 2015.

MENESGUEN Y., LEPY M.-CH., LIDOVE G., RODRIGUES M. et TROUSSEL P., « Étalonnage en rendement absolu d’une photodiode avec un radiomètre cryogénique à substitution électrique », 11^e Colloque Rayons X et Matière (RX 2015), Grenoble, France, 1-4 décembre 2015.

Calorimetry is the best technique available to perform absolute measurement of absorbed dose. Graphite or water calorimeters are mainly used as reference for absorbed dose in water in most of the national metrology laboratories involved in ionizing radiations. LNE-LNHB has a long experience with graphite and tissue-equivalent calorimeters. Graphite calorimeter is nowadays the reference dosimeter for photon and electron beams at LNE-LNHB. Associated with a transfer procedure from graphite to water, it leads to the reference of absorbed dose to water which is the reference quantity for radiotherapy. A water calorimeter is being developed currently in order to compare different ways to establish the standards of absorbed dose to water at LNE-LNHB.

Most of the acquisition chains used in radionuclide metrology are based on NIM modules. These analogue setups have been thoroughly tested for decades now, becoming a reference in the field. Nevertheless, the renewal of ageing modules and the need for extra features both call for the development of new acquisition schemes based on digital processing. In this article, several technologies usable for instrumentation are first presented. A review of past and present projects is made in the second part, highlighting the fundamental role of dead-time management. The last part is dedicated to the description of two digital systems developed at LNE-LNHB. The first one has been designed for the instrumentation of a NaI(Tl) well-type crystal set-up, while the second one is used for the management of three photomultipliers in the framework of the TDCR method and as a part of the development of a digital platform for coincidence counting.

In the field of radionuclide metrology, the TDCR method is a primary technique based on liquid scintillation using a threephotomultiplier instrumentation. The application of the TDCR model classically implemented in laboratories is investigated in the case of low-energy deposition in the liquid scintillator. For that purpose, the condition of stochastic independence between photomultipliers is introduced in order to express the classical probabilistic relations used for the detection efficiencies of coincidences. Experimentally observed in the case of ³H standardization, the time dependence arises when the coincidence resolving time is shorter than the time distribution of scintillation photons. The geometric dependence is also investigated because of the sensitivity of coincidence counting with the position of light emission inside the volume of the liquid scintillator. For that purpose, a new TDCR modeling using the Monte Carlo code Geant4 has been implemented in order to simulate the propagation of photons from their creation in the optical chamber to the production of photoelectrons in liquid scintillation counter. In both cases of stochastic dependence, the influence on the calculation of detection efficiencies and thus on the activity determination is presented. The new TDCR-Geant4 model was also developed to take into account Cherenkov emission; it has been applied to confirm the emission of Cherenkov photons subsequently created by Compton scattering in the photomultiplier windows. Using the TDCR-Geant4 model, a new primary technique is also presented by implementing the TDCR method using the Cherenkov emission. This new technique has been applied to the standardization of the short-lived radiopharmaceutical ¹¹C (T_1/2 about 20 min).

Individual dosimetry for exposure to beta particles in radiation protection deals essentially with the dosimetry of skin, i.e. the directional and individual dose equivalents at 0.07 mm depth for weakly penetrating radiation as indicated by the publications of ICRU and the ISO 6980. This article describes the procedure used to establish the primary standard in terms of absorbed dose to tissue of LNE-LNHB.

Monte Carlo codes have been widely used at the Laboratoire national Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB) for the last twenty years. They contribute to the establishment of national dosimetric references. In this paper, two main dosimetric quantities are calculated using Monte Carlo modelling in the field of medical physics: the absorbed dose and the kerma. Further discussions of the problems encountered are also presented.

The manganese bath technique is the reference method for the calibration of neutron source emission rates. It is used to calibrate neutron sources using radionuclides in terms of neutron emission rate under 4p sr. The neutron source to be measured is immersed in a manganese sulphate solution where the emitted neutrons interact with the elements of the bath. In a typical configuration, approximately half of the neutrons lead to the creation of ⁵⁶Mn via the ⁵⁵Mn(n, γ) capture reaction. This radionuclide has a half-life of approximately 2.6 h and the bath reaches saturation when the number of nuclei decaying is equal to the number of nuclei created per unit time. The neutron emission rate from the source can then be deduced from the ⁵⁶Mn activity at saturation, assuming proper modelling of the nuclear reactions occurring within the bath. The manganese bath facility has been recently refurbished in order to comply with appropriate safety and radioprotection regulations. This has lead to the upgrading of both the measurement methodology and the modelling of the bath, and a study on the development of a new detector for the on-line measurement of the manganese activity was developed. This new detector uses the 4πß-γ coincidence measurement method. The beta channel consists of photomultipliers tubes for the detection of Cerenkov light, and the γ channel uses a scintillation detector. The advantage of this measurement method is that it allows the determination of the bath activity without any prior calibration. A detector has been built and the results obtained have been compared to those from a primary measurement method already in use at LNE-LNHB. Furthermore, a comparison of the Monte-Carlo simulation results using GEANT4, MCNPX and FLUKA has been undertaken. This comparison revealed some discrepancies between the codes and uncertainty factors, such as the modeling of the neutron emission and the choice of the cross-section library.

In this paper we present the developments conducted at LNE-LNHB with the aim of improving the knowledge of the shapes of beta spectra, concerning the theoretical calculation of the spectra as well as their experimental determination by means of cryogenic detectors. The theoretical calculation comprises a screening correction that avoids the non-physical discontinuity present in the standard correction, as well as a correction of the exchange effect that is usually not taken into account and has a strong impact on the spectra of ⁶³Ni and ²⁴¹Pu. These calculations are compared with experimental spectra obtained with metallic magnetic calorimeters, a class of cryogenic detectors. The beta emitter is enclosed in the absorber of these detectors which offer high detection efficiency, high energy resolution and a very low energy detection threshold. The measured spectra of ⁶³Ni and ²⁴¹Pu confirm the correctness of the theoretical spectra, in particular the calculation of the exchange effect down to very low energies that have been explored for the first time.

Nowadays, the absorbed dose to water for kilovoltage X-ray beams is determined from standards in terms of air-kerma by application of international dosimetry protocols. New standards in terms of absorbed dose to water have just been established for these beams at the LNELNHB. A specific calorimeter was developed to do measurements at low depth in water, in order to fulfill the reference conditions required by the international dosimetry protocols for medium-energy X-ray. This new calorimeter was used to measure the absorbed dose rate in water at a depth of 2 cm for six medium-energy X-ray reference beams with a tube potential from 80 kV to 300 kV. The relative standard uncertainty obtained on the absorbed dose rate by water calorimetry is lower than 0.8%, whereas the one given by application of protocols based on airkerma is around 2.5%.