Publications

AGAZAR M. and SAADEDDINE H., “Accurate Technique for the Calibration of High-Voltage Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Bridges up to 1 kHz”, Metrology, 2024, 4, 4, 578-597, DOI: 10.3390/metrology4040036.

AGAZAR M., D’AVANZO G., FRIGO G., RIETVELD G. and VAN DEN BROM H., “Power Grids and Instrument Transformers up to 150 kHz: A Review of Literature and Standards”, Sensors, 2024, 24, 4148, DOI: 10.3390/s24134148.

ALLAL D., SHANG X., NAFTALY M. and SKINNER J., “Interlaboratory comparison of dielectric measurements from microwave to terahertz frequencies using vna-based and optical-based methods”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2024, 72, 11, 6473-6493, DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2024.3399879.

CELEP M., STOKES D., DANACI E., ZIADE F., KAZEMIPOUR A. and ALLAL D., “Interlaboratory comparison of power measurements at millimetre- and sub-millimetre-wave frequencies”, Metrology, 2024, 4, 2, 279–294, DOI: 10.3390/metrology4020017.

HOFFMANN J., RICHERT D., MORAN-MEZA J. and PIQUEMAL F., “Comparison of impedance matching networks for scanning microwave”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2024, 73, 6006109, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2024.3378310.

IMANALIEV A., THEVENOT O. and DOUGDAG K., “Finite element analysis of the uncertainty contribution from mechanical imperfections in the LNE’s Thompson–Lampard calculable capacitor”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2024, 73, 1503309, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2024.3470031.

ISTRATE D., OUAMEUR M., SOCCALINGAME S. et PHILOMINRAJ A., « Mesures d’intensité de courant électrique », Techniques de l'ingénieur, 2024, R1015v3, DOI: 10.51257/a-v3-r1015.

KAJA K., ASSOUM A., DE WOLF P., PIQUEMAL F. and NEHMEE A., “3D-imaging and quantitative subsurface dielectric constant measurement using peak force Kelvin probe force microscopy”, Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2024, 11, 2, 2300503, DOI: 10.1002/admi.202300503.

KHAN M.S., AGAZAR M. and LE BIHAN Y., “Design, simulation, and fabrication of a 500 kV ultrawideband coaxial matched load and its connectors for fast transient pulse measurement systems”, Energies, 2024, 17, 1, https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010166.

LAHBACHA K., DI CAPUA G., MIELE G., PHAM T.D., MAFFUCCI A., CHIARIELLO A.G. and ALLAL D., “Measurement-based signal integrity analysis of coupled thin-film microstrip lines”, IEEE International Symposium on Measurements & Networking (M&N), 2024, 73, 10615657, DOI: 10.1109/MN60932.2024.10615657.

LAHBACHA K., PHUNG G.N., PHAM T.D., MIELE G., ARZ U., DI CAPUA G. and ALLAL D., “Guidelines for the design of thin film microstrip lines for signal integrity analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 2024, 14, 11, 2032-2042, DOI: 10.1109/TCPMT.2024.3473533.

OUAMEUR M., ISTRATE D. and ZIADE F., “Wideband current transducer traceable calibration up to 10 A and 1MHz”, Sensors, 2024, 24, 8, 2608, DOI: 10.3390/s24082608.

OUAMEUR M., VASCONCELLOS R. and AGAZAR M., “Digital impedance bridge for four terminal-pair ac resistor calibration up to 20 kHz”, Metrology, 2024, 4, 1, DOI: 10.3390/metrology4010001.

SHANG X., RIDLER N.M., STOKES D. and ZIADE F., “Some recent advances in measurements at millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies: Advances in high frequency measurements”, IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2024, 25, 1, 58-71, DOI: 10.1109/MMM.2023.3321516.

Communications

PIQUEMAL F., CHRETIEN P., MORAN-MEZA J., HOUZE F., ULYSSE C. and HAROURI A., « Développement de premières structures de référence pour l'étalonnage des mesures de résistance et de courant en microscopie à force atomique à sonde conductrice », 25e Forum des microscopies à sonde locale, Lyon, France, 22-26 April 2024.

RICHERT D., MORAN-MEZA J., DELVALLEE A., GAUTIER B. and PIQUEMAL F., « Comparaison de l’étalonnage du Scanning Microwave Microscopy par deux échantillons de référence capacitive », 25e Forum des microscopies à sonde locale, Lyon, France, 22-26 April 2024.

ERMILOVA E., WEISE M., HERTWIG A., DE PREVILLE S., HOFFMANN J., MORÁN-MEZA J. and PIQUEMAL F., “Ellispometry as optical metrology method for analysis of reference materials for nanoelectronic”, Symposium on Analtytical techniques for accurate nanoscale characterisation of advanced materials / European Materials Research Society (ALTECH2024-EMRS), Strasbourg, France, 27-31 May 2024.

MORÁN‐MEZA J., PIQUEMAL F., CHRÉTIEN P., HOUZÉ F., ULYSSE C. and HAROURI A., “Development of first universal standard samples for calibrating Resistance and current measurements in Conductive probe Atomic Force Microscopy”, Symposium on Analtytical techniques for accurate nanoscale characterisation of advanced materials / European Materials Research Society (ALTECH2024-EMRS), Strasbourg, France, 27-31 May 2024.

CHIBANE L., DELVALLÉE A., FLEURENCE N., MORAN J., FLAHAUT E. and FELTIN N., “Correlative metrology to study physicochemical roperties of graphene oxide during the reduction process”, Summer school ELENAM: Metrology at the nanoscale, Villa Cynthia, Frejus, France, 3-7 June 2024.

GOMÈS S. and PIQUEMAL F., “Analytical and hybrid techniques”, Summer school ELENAM: Metrology at the nanoscale, Villa Cynthia, Frejus, France, 3-7 June 2024.

PIQUEMAL F. and RICHERT D., “Calibrating measurements in conductive probe atomic force microscopy and scanning microwave microscopy”, Summer school ELENAM: Metrology at the nanoscale, Villa Cynthia, Frejus, France, 3-7 June 2024.

ALLAL D., « Conception de kits TRL à l'échelle nano pour les mesures de paramètres S sur tranche en configuration masse-signal-masse », 23es Journées Nationales Microondes (JNM), Antibes Juan-Les-Pins, France, 4-7 June 2024.

BECHER F., ZIADE F., BA D. and LE BIHAN Y., « Développement d’une sonde de puissance thermoélectrique pour la bande de fréquence [110 - 170 GHz] en comparant deux substrats diélectriques différents », 23es Journées Nationales Microondes (JNM), Antibes Juan-Les-Pins, France, 4-7 June 2024.

DAABOUL Y., BERTIN L., YANG X., LE BIHAN Y. and ISTRATE D., “DC power quality analysis: technical insights for LVDC networks and measurement systems”, CIRED, Vienna, Austria, 19-20 June 2024, paper 217.

LAHBACHA K., DI CAPUA G., MIELE G., PHAM T.D., MAFFUCCI A., CHIARIELLO A.G. and ALLAL D., “Measurement-based signal integrity analysis of coupled thin-film microstrip lines”, IEEE 29th Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity (SPI), Rome (Italy), 2-5 juillet 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/mn60932.2024.10615657.

ALLAL D., SAYEGH A. and RAUSCHE F., “S-parameter bilateral comparison in 4.3-10 coaxial line”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings:  DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10645995.

CROTTI G., LETIZIA P.S., AGAZAR M., ISTRATE D. and VAN DEN BROM H., “Characterization of MV instrument transformers for power quality measurement: the contribution from the IT4PQ project”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10645830.

DJORDJEVIC S., BEHR R. and POIRIER W., « Next generation Programmable Quantum Current Generator », 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646087.

ELG A., SAADEDDINE H. et al., “High-Voltage Metrology for Electric Energy and Supply Reliability”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646152.

GIORDANO D., QUINTANA FERNANDEZ J., GALLO D., HALLSTROM J., ISTRATE D., JORDACHE M., MARISCOTTI A., RIETVELD G., ROVIRA J., VENUGOPAL P . and ZHAO W., “Metrology support for enhanced energy efficiency in DC transportation systems”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646053.

IMANALIEV A., THEVENOT O. and DOUGDAG K., “Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Imperfections in the LNE Thompson-Lampard Calculable Capacitor Standard”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646138.

IMANALIEV A., THEVENOT O. and MGHALFI M., “Automated coaxial IVD impedance bridge for the low value capacitance measurements at audio frequencies”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646031.

PHAM T.D., PHUNG G.N., LAHBACHA K., MAFFUCCI A., MIELE G., ARZ U. and ALLAL D., “Measurement and analysis of on-wafer test structures for signal integrity assessment at chip level”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646002.

ZUCCA M., AL-ZUBAIDI-R-SMITH N., BARTOVA L., VAN DEN BROM H., CALLEGARO L., CULTRERA A., FAST L., GRANDINETTI B., HASSANZADEH M., MARISCOTTI A., MASOURAS A., MUSUMECI S., NICOL G., OUAMEUR M. and RIETVELD G., “The project metrology for static and dynamic characterization of supercapacitors – MetSuperCap”, 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM-2024), Denver (CO), USA, 8-12 July 2024, Proceedings: DOI: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646148.

SECK D., ALLAL D., and HADDADI K., “On-wafer TRL calibration design for microwave nanoscale and high impedance measurement”, 2024 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology & Applications (ISWTA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-21 July 2024, Proceedings in DOI: 10.1109/iswta62130.2024.10651788.

ZUCCA M.,…, OUAMEUR M. et al., “MetSuperCap: metrology for static and dynamic characterisation of supercapacitors”, XXIV IMEKO World Congress, Hamburg, Germany, 26-29 August 2024, Proceedings in Measurement: Sensors, 2024, 38, Suppl., 101434, DOI: 10.1016/j.measen.2024.101434.

TREYER P., HAMMER U., SAADEDDINE H., HAVUNEN J., HÄLLSTRÖM J.K., PASSON S. and MEISNER J., “Importance of impulse calibrator output impedance and method of all-waveform compensation”, 23rd International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2023), Glasgow, UK, 28 August - 1st Sept. 2023, IET Conference Proceedings released in 2024: DOI: 10.1049/icp.2024.0577.

PhD abstract

Measuring the average power of high-frequency electrical signals is essential in a number of major fields, including civil security, the military and industry in general. This thesis is dedicated to designing and realization of a sensor for average power measurement, ensuring SI traceability in the D-band frequency range between 110 GHz and 170 GHz. The calibration of a transfer power sensor against a primary standard allows the determination of two parameters: its efficiency and its calibration factor, which depend on the efficiency and the return loss of the power sensor.

The thermoelectric power sensor developed through numerical simulations using CST Studio Suite software, consists of three parts: the high-frequency part (HF), the thermal part, and the direct current part. The high-frequency part is made up of a rectangular waveguide and a transition between the waveguide and a coplanar line ending in a resistive load. The thermal part includes a series of thermocouples intended to measure the heating of the load. The DC part allows for power transposition between HF and DC to determine the HF power.

The results obtained showed a return loss lower than -15 dB, an efficiency greater than 0.8, and a sensitivity between 0.08 and 0.09 mV/mW for the sensor. These results are very encouraging and demonstrate a successful sensor design. We fabricated the sensor housing, manufactured the chip, and constructed the measurement circuit. We also prepared the assembly of the components in the sensor housing and installed the required connectors for sensor’s calibration in preparation for its subsequent characterization.

Key words

D band, efficiency, electromagnetic and thermal simulations, metrology, return loss, sensitivity, thermoelectric power sensor

PhD Thesis

Full document (FR) : TEL-04935745

PhD abstract

This thesis is focuses on the establishement of a metrology for measurement of electrical properties at the sub-micrometric scale. The Scanning Microwave Microscopy (SMM) satisfies those conditions by allowing for measurement of electrical impedance, permittivity and dopant concentration. It is an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) interface to a Vector Network Analyser (VNA). If the metrology associated with VNA measurement is well established, it is not the case for the one associated with SMM measurements. A calibrated VNA can access the electrical properties of a sample from the reflection parameter measurement. For a SMM setup, the most commonly used method is a modified Short-Open-Load calibration using three impedance on a calibration sample.

One of the key result of this thesis is the preparation of a comprehensive uncertainty budget associated with the impedance measurement performed by the SMM. To this end, the capacitors of the reference sample were fully characterized with uncertainty below 2.8 %. Using this uncertainty budget, a second version of the calibration standard was proposed and characterized with associated uncertainty below 1.9 %. The uncertainty associated with capacitance measurement by the calibrated SMM is found below 3 %.

The extraction of dielectric constant of piezoelectric samples with uncertainty below 6.9 % is presented as an application case for this method. The uncertainty due to relative humidity (RH) on the SMM calibration was studied both empirically and by numerical simulation. The RH impacts the calibration at the 0.4 % level for the smallest capacitance studies (0.3 fF) and is negligible for capacitance above 4 fF. Finally, dC/dz curves were acquire by electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) above a known dielectric as an alternative method for cantilever’s spring constant measurement.

Key words

scanning microwave microscopy, SMM, atomic force microscope, AFM, electrical properties, measurement at the sub-micrometric scale, electrical metrology, capacitance reference structure

PhD Thesis

Full document (EN) : TEL-04748080

Publications

AGAZAR M., ISTRATE D. and PRADAYROL P. “Evaluation of the accuracy and frequency response of medium-voltage instrument transformers under the combined influence factors of temperature and vibration”, Energies, 2023, 16, 13, 5012, DOI: 10.3390/en16135012.

BERGEAL N., VELLUIRE PELLAT Z., MARECHAL E., MOULONGUET N., SAIZ G. and COUEDO F., “Hybrid quantum systems with high-T c superconducting resonators”, Scientific Reports, 2023, 13, 1, 14366, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41472-z.

CUI X., YUAN W., ALLAL D. and ZIADÉ F., “Key comparison CCEM.RF-K27.W of RF power from 50 GHz to 75 GHz in rectangular waveguide, Metrologia, 2023, 60, 1A, Techn. Suppl., 01001, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/60/1A/01001.

IMANALIEV A., THEVENOT O., DOUGDAD K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Measuring non-linearity in AH 2700A capacitance bridges with sub-ppm level uncertainty”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023, 72, 1503006, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3293144.

KAJA K., ASSOUM A., DE WOLF P., PIQUEMAL F. and NEHMEE A., “3D Imaging and quantitative subsurface dielectric constant measurement using peak force Kelvin probe force microscopy, Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2023, 2300503, DOI: 10.1002/admi.202300503, Open Access - online: 9 Nov. 2023.

KHAN M.S., AGAZAR M. and LE BIHAN Y., “Design, simulation, and fabrication of a 500 kV ultrawideband coaxial matched load and its connectors for fast transient pulse measurement systems, Energies, 2024 (published: 28 Dec 2023), 17, 1, 166, 10.3390/en17010166.

LETIZIA P.S., CROTTI G., MINGOTTI A., AGAZAR M. and ISTRATE D., Characterization of instrument transformers under realistic conditions: impact of single and combined influence quantities on their wideband behaviorSensors, 2023, 23, 18, 7833, DOI: 10.3390/s23187833.

PIQUEMAL F., KAJA K., CHRETIEN P., MORAN-MEZA J., HOUZE F., ULYSSE C. and HAROURI A., “A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2023, 14, 1141-1148, DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.94.

STOKES D., GELLERSEN F., ALLAL D. and KUHLMANN F., “Traceable S-parameter measurements up to 90 GHz in 1.35 mm Coaxial, Measurement Science and Technology, 2023, 34, 6, 064006, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6501/acc04c.

THEVENOT O., IMANALIEV A. DOUGDAG K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Progress report on the Thompson-Lampard Calculable Capacitor at LNE”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023, 72, 1502306, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3282666.

TURHAN E., ERKAN O., HAYIRLI C. and ISTRATE D., “EURAMET.EM-S44 comparison for ultra-low DC current sources”, Metrologia, 2023, 60, 1A, Techn. suppl., 01002, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/60/1A/01002.

Communications

ALLAL D., « Métrologie pour la standardisation de technologies sans fil émergentes », 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

BECHER F., ZIADÉ F. and LE BIHAN Y., “Toward the de sign of a sensor for measuring average power in the Terahertz frequency band [110 - 170 GHz]”, 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

DJORDJEVIC S., « Générateur quantique de courant programmable : nouveaux développements », 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

DJORDJEVIC S. and POIRIER W., “Progress report on the development of programmable quantum current generator (PQCG)”, 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

IMANALIEV A., THÉVENOT O., DOUGDAG K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Characterization and applications of the new LNE Thompson Lampard calculable capacitor”, 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

KUCERA J., IMANALIEV A. and THÉVENOT O., “On alternative DAC linearity testing traceable to lenght unit”, 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

LI Z., KUHLMANN C., XU J., PEINER E., KAJA K., PIQUEMAL F. and BRAND U., “Nanoelectrical characterisation of vertical nanowires used for energy harvesting”, 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

MORAN‐MEZA J., KAJA K., RICHERT D., PENUELAS J., REGRENY P., GOGNEAU N. and PIQUEMAL F., “Towards calibrated measurements of dopant concentrations on vertical nanowires by scanning microwave microscopy”, 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

PIQUEMAL F., « Aperçu du projet EMPIR Elena », 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

PIQUEMAL F., HOFFMANN J., KAJA K., GAUTIER B., HERTWIG A. and FABRICIUS N., “ELENA : a European project for electrical nanoscale metrology in industry”, 21th International Metrology Congress (CIM-2023), Lyon, France, 7-10 March 2023.

PIQUEMAL F., HOFFMANN J., KAJA K., GAUTIER B. and HERTWIG A., “ELENA: a European project for electrical nanoscale metrology in industry”, 2023 Nanoscience Meeting (C'nano 2023), Palais des Congrès du Futuroscope, Poitiers, France, 15-17 March 2023.

KAJA K. and PIQUEMAL F., « Cartographie quantitative de la constante diélectrique des nanostructures enterrées en microscopie de force à sonde Kelvin », 24e Forum des microscopies à sonde locale, Obernai, France, 3-7 April 2023.

PIQUEMAL F., HOFFMANN J., KAJA K., GAUTIER B. and HERTWIG A., “ELENA : a European project for electrical nanoscale metrology in industry”, 24e Forum des microscopies à sonde locale, Obernai, France, 3-7 April 2023.

RICHERT D., KAJA K., MORAN J., GAUTIER B., DELERUYELLE D. and PIQUEMAL F., « Evaluation de la robustesse de la méthode d’étalonnage Short Open Load appliquée à la mesure de capacité par Scanning Microwave Microscopy », 24e Forum des microscopies à sonde locale, Obernai, France, 3-7 April 2023.

MEISNER J., GERDINAND F., PASSON S., GOCKENBACH E., SCHORN H., SAADEDDINE H., AGAZAR M., HÄLLSTRÖM J., HAVUNEN J., SCHICHLER U., ELG A-P., ROVIRA J., ROCCATO P-E., CARIA S-E., MEREV A., DEDEOGLU S., LAHTI K., DOWBYSCH A., ORREA A., STEINER T. and GAMLIN M., “Combined and composite high-voltage wave shapes calibration and standardisation”, Highvolt Kolloquium ’23, Dresde, Germany, 4-5 May 2023.

ALLAL D., LAHBACHA K. and DI CAPUA G., “Signal integrity analysis of coupled thin-film microstrip lines (TFMSLs), IEEE 27th Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity (SPI), Aveiro, Portugal, 7-10 May 2023, DOI: 10.1109/SPI57109.2023.10145525.

PHUNG G.N., ARZ U., ALLAL D. and PHAM T.D., “Recommendations for the design of differential thin-film microstrip lines, IEEE 27th Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity (SPI), Aveiro, Portugal, 7-10 May 2023, DOI: 10.1109/SPI57109.2023.10145555.

LI Z., KUHLMANN C., KAJA K., PIQUEMAL F., HILLER K., HAHN S. and BRAND U., “Development of a conductive MEMS-SPM for nanoelectrical characterisation of nanostructured materials”, SMSI 2023 Conference – Sensor and Measurement Science International, Nuremberg, Germany, 8-11 May 2023.

IMANALIEV A., THEVENOT O., DOUGDAG K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Characterization and applications of LNE’s Thompson Lampard calculable capacitor (TLCC)”, 2023 EURAMET LF expert meeting, CMI, Brno, Czech Republic, 25 May 2023.

IMANALIEV A., THEVENOT O., DOUGDAG K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Non-linearity of AH2700A Capacitance Bridges at the 0.1 ppm level”, 2023 EURAMET LF expert meeting, CMI, Brno, Czech Republic, 25 May 2023.

PIQUEMAL F., “Some news from ELENA: 2 selected results”, 2023 EURAMET LF expert meeting, CMI, Brno, Czech Republic, 25 May 2023.

TAUPIN M. and COUËDO F., “Quantum Hall resistance standard measurements in a cryogen-free system”, 2023 EURAMET LF expert meeting, CMI, Brno, Czech Republic, 25 May 2023.

MOKHTARI C., SECK D., ALLAL A., BERTHE M. and HADDADI K., “Nanorobotics and automatic on-wafer probe station with nanometer positionning accuracy”, 2023 IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 28-30 June 2023, DOI: 10.1109/NEMO56117.2023.10202165.

RICHERT D., DELERUYELLE D., MORÁN-MEZA J.A., KAJA K., GAUTIER B., and PIQUEMAL F., “A fully-numerical environment for evaluating the robustness of the short open load calibration for capacitance measurements in Scanning Microwave Microscopy”, 2023 IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO'2023), Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 28-30 June 2023, DOI: 10.1109/NEMO56117.2023.10202380.

THERET A., COUEDO F., TAUPIN M., MICHON A., MASTROPASQUA C., MAILLY D. and SCHOPFER F., “Molecular doping of Graphene: Towards a low-field quantum Hall standard”, Congrès général des 150 ans de la Société Française de Physique - Mini-colloque Dernières avancées dans le domaine des technologies quantiques, Paris, France, 2-7 July 2023.

TREYER P., HAMMER U., SAADEDDINE H., HAVUNEN J., HÄLLSTRÖM J., PASSON S. and MEISNER J., “Importance of impulse calibrator output impedance and method of all waveform compensation”, 23rd International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2023), Glasgow, United-Kingdom, 28 August-1st Sept. 2023.

LI Z., KAJA K., PIQUEMAL F., HILLER K., HAHN S., HÜSNÜ A., “A Conductive MEMS-SPM using exchangeable AFM probes as indenters for nanoelectromechanical measurement of nanomaterials”, EUROSENSORS 2023, Lecce, Italy, 10-13 September 2023.

SHANG X., RIDLER N., ARZ U., PHUNG G.N., ROCH-JEUNE I., DUCOURNAU G., HADDADI K., FLISGEN T., DOERNER R., ALLAL D., JAYASANKAR D., STAKE J., SCHMIDT R., FISHER G. and MUBARAK F., “Interlaboratory investigation of on-wafer S-parameter measurements from 110 GHz to 1.1 THz”, 53rd European Microwave Conference, Berlin, Germany, 19-21 September 2023.

LOH T.H., EMRAH T., PYTHOUD F., ALLAL D. and ALOMAINY A., “Recent activities of a european union joint research project on metrology for emerging wireless standards, Antenna Measurement Techniques Association Symposium (AMTA), Renton, WA, USA. IEEE, 8-13 October 2023, ISBN 9798350335668, DOI: 10.23919/AMTA58553.2023.10293283.

PIQUEMAL F., KAJA K., CHRETIEN P., MORAN‐MEZA J., HOUZE F., ULYSSE C. and HAROURI A., “Calibrating resistance measurements in conductive probe atomic force microscopy: Development of the first universal standard sample”, Nanoscale 2023, Helsinki, Finland, 10-12 October 2023.

RICHERT D., KAJA K., MORÁN J.A., GAUTIER B., DELERUYELLE D. and PIQUEMAL F., “A numerical environment for evaluating the robustness of the short open load calibration for capacitance measurements in scanning microwave microscopy”, Nanoscale 2023, Helsinki, Finland, 10-12 October 2023.

POIRIER W., « Les unités électriques à l’ère quantique », Académie des Technologies / Journées thématiques « Le système international d’unités (SI) version 2018 - Quels impacts et quelles perspectives ? », Paris, France, Invited conf., 25 October 2023.

MORAN‐MEZA J., KAJA K., PENUELAS J., REGRENY P. and PIQUEMAL F., “Calibrated measurements of dopant concentrations on vertical nanowires by scanning microwave microscopy”, Journées nationales du photovoltaïque (JNPV 2023), Club Belambra, Dourdan, France, 5-8 December 2023.

PhD abstract

The work of this PhD thesis is dedicated to developing a standard measurement system to ensure the SI traceability of High Pulsed Power in the Nanosecond and Subnanosecond domain (HPPNS). This traceability is mandatory for the accurate and precise measurements of the voltage waveforms which constitutes the key element of systems based on high pulsed power. A calibration system has been developed for the characterization of high voltage pulses of amplitudes up to 500 kV with rise times as low as few hundreds of picoseconds.

The developed HPPNS measurement system consists of four components: The voltage divider, the termination load, the high-voltage connectors, and the transition cones. The voltage divider is the central component of this measurement system as it permits the analysis of HPPNS waveforms through a calibrated oscilloscope by lowering the voltage amplitudes of the HPPNS waveforms to adequate levels that could be measured through an oscilloscope and without waveform deformation. Some voltage dividers of the scientific literature have been discussed and compared. The voltage divider designed through analytical and numerical calculations has a high value of the division ratio which is relatively constant as a function of frequency up to at least 2 GHz, together with a linear phase response. However, its performances in terms of measuring accurately and precisely the incident HPPNS waveforms depend also on the characteristics of the transmission line termination load since the reflections from an inadequately matched line termination load could lead to the misunderstanding of the measured waveform at the output of the divider. A 50 Ω line termination load is developed and characterized. It has high insulation properties for voltage amplitudes up to 500 kV and a maximum reflection coefficient of -27 dB as a function of frequencies up to 2 GHz.

The characterization of the complete HPPNS measurement system was carried out in two steps. Firstly, the HPPNS measurement system was characterized at low levels of input power by two different methods, namely, VNA characterization and characterization through a SI traceable high frequency attenuation measurement method. The results obtained from these two methods were compared to the CST modelling results and all of these results were found to be in good agreement with each other. These characterizations demonstrated that the developed HPPNS measurement system possesses a high division ratio of around 85 dB, a bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a linear phase response. Furthermore, a 7 GHz bandwidth commercial attenuator was added at the output of the divider and this whole system was re-characterized by both low power methods. The results obtained are as follows: almost 110 dB of division ratio, a bandwidth of 2 GHz and a linear phase response. In the second characterization step, this system was tested at high power levels through a Marx generator. Different high voltage waveforms of voltage peaks as high as 300 kV and rise times as low as 420 ps were successfully measured through this system and an uncertainty budget is drafted. The measurement uncertainties for these high voltage measurements were calculated to be 3.4 % for the voltage peaks and 87 ps for the temporal parameters.

Key words

high pulsed power, measurement standard, voltage divider, calibration, measurement uncertainty

PhD thesis

Full document (EN) : HAL-04032644

Publications

CHAE D.H., KRUSKOPF M., KUCERA J., PARK J., MAI TRAN N.T., KIM D.B., PIERZ K., GÖTZ M., YIN Y., SVOBODA P., CHROBOK P., COUEDO F. and SCHOPFER F., “Investigation of the stability of graphene devices for quantum resistance metrology at direct and alternating current”, Measurement Science and Technology, 2022, 33, 6, 065012, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6501/ac4a1a.

KOTBI A., IMRAN M., KAJA K., RAHAMAN A., RESSAMI E.M., LEJEUNE M., LAKSSIR B. and JOUIAD M., “Graphene and g-C3N4-Based gas sensors”, Journal of Nanotechnology, 2022, 9671619, 10.1155/2022/9671619.

MASLAN S., HINDS G., OUAMEUR M. and OVERNEY F., “Project LiBforSecUse: Quality assessment of electric vehicle Lithium ion batteries for second use applications”, Cal Lab: The International Journal of Metrology, 2022, 29, 2.

MOULOUA D., RAJPUT N.S, SAITZEK S., KAJA K., HOUMMADA K., EL MARSSI M., EL KHAKANI M.A. and JOUIADAND M.,Broadband photodetection using one-step CVD-fabricated MoS2/MoO2 microflower/microfiber heterostructures”, Nature Scientific reports, 2022, 12, 22096, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26185-z.

NASR M., BENHAMOU L., KOTBI A., RAJPUT N.S., CAMPOS A. LAHMAR A-I, HOUMMADA K., KAJA K., El MARSSI M. and JOUIAD M., “Photoelectrochemical enhancement of graphene@WS2 nanosheets for water splitting reaction”, Nanomaterials, 2022, 12, 11, 1914, DOI: 10.3390/nano12111914.

OUAMEUR M., ABDOURAHMANE B., ZIADÉ F. and ALLAL D., “Measurements of AC Resistances up to 10 MHz using a VNA and Calculable Adapters”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2022, 71, 1005810, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2022.3193729.

OUAMEUR M., VASCONCELLOS R., AGAZAR M., THÉVENOT O. and PATOIS E., “New impedance bridge at LNE for the two terminal-pair AC resistor calibration up to 20 kHz”, Metrologia, 2022, 59, 5, 055005, DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/ac8485.

PIQUEMAL F., HOFFMANN J., KAJA K., GAUTIER B., HERTWIG A. and FABRICIUS N.,Publishable summary for 20IND12 Elena electrical nanoscale metrology in industry”, ResearchGate, July 2022, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15453.90081.

RAJPUT N.S., KOTBI A., KAJA K. and JOUIAD M.,Long-term aging of CVD grown 2D-MoS2 nanosheets in ambient environment”, npj Materials Degradation, 2022, 6, 75, DOI: 10.1038/s41529-022-00288-4 + “Author Correction” in npj Materials Degradation, 2022, 6, 80, DOI: 10.1038/s41529-022-00293-7.

Communications

RICHERT D., MORAN J., KAJA K., DELVALLÉE A., ALLAL D., GAUTIER B. and PIQUEMAL F., “Traceable nanoscale measurements of high dielectric constant by scanning microwave microscopy”, 23e Forum des microscopies à sonde locale, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, France, 7-10 mars 2022.

ZIADÉ F., ALLAL D. and LITWIN A., “Microcalorimeter power standard in the frequency bandwidth 110 GHz – 170 GHz”, European Microwave Week (EuMW), London, UK, 2-7 April 2022.

POIRIER W., « Mécanique quantique : une révolution pour la métrologie », Cycle de conférences Physique Chimie au printemps 2022: Technologies quantiques – FRAMA, SFP, SFC, UdPPC, Lyon, France, 13 avril 2022.

PIQUEMAL F., HOFFMANN J., KAJA K., GAUTIER B. and HERTWIG A., “ELENA - A European project for electrical nanoscale metrology in industry: using ellipsometry for quality control of nanoelectronics”, 9th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (ICSE-9), (Online conf.), 22-28 May 2022.

RICHERT D., MORAN J., KAJA K., DELVALLÉE A., ALLAL D., GAUTIER B. and PIQUEMAL F., “Traceable nanoscale measurements of high dielectric constant by scanning microwave microscopy”, 3rd URSI Atlantic/Asia-Pacific Radio Science Meeting (AT-AP-RASC 2022), Gran Canaria, Spain, 29 May - 3 June 2022.

KAJA K., RICHERT D., MORAN J., DELVALLÉE A., ALLAL D., GAUTIER B. and PIQUEMAL F., “Nanoscale measurements of high dielectric constants for piezoelectric materials by scanning microwave microscopy”, E-MRS Spring Meeting, (Online meeting), 30 May - 3 June 2022.

AGAZAR M. and SAADEDDINE H., “The usage of high voltage amplifiers to set up reference calibrators for combined voltages up to 1 kV”, 27th Nordic Insulation Symposium (NORD IS), Trondheim, Norway, 13-15 June 2022, Proceedings: Vol. 27, n° 1, DOI: 10.5324/nordis.v27i1.4875.

CELEP M., Phung G.N., ZIADÉ F., STOKES D., RÜHAAK J., KUHLMANN K. and ALLAL D., “WG29/WR7 band thermoelectric power sensor characterization using microcalorimetry technique”, IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS 2022), Denver, CO, USA, 19-24 June 2022, DOI: 10.1109/IMS37962.2022.9865569.

POIRIER W., “Engineering of electrical quantum standards”, Conférence “From mesoscopic physics to quantum engineering”, Grenoble, France, 28 juin 2022.

ALLAL D., BANNISTER R., BUISMAN K. and 20 other authors, “RF measurements for future communication applications: an overview”, IEEE International Symposium on Measurements & Networking (M&N), Padua, Italy, 18-20 July 2022, DOI: 10.1109/MN55117.2022.9887740.

BEN HASSINE S., RENOUX D., YARDIN C., ZAOUALI J., DUBARD J., LERAT J.-M., BETIS P. and BLANC I., “Design and validation of a reference multi-sensor cinemometer for law enforcement applications”, 25th IMEKO TC-4 International Symposium on Measurement of Electrical Quantities & 23rd International Workshop on ADC and DAC Modelling and Testing (IWADC 2022), Brescia, Italie, 12-14 September 2022.

DELVALLÉE A., HIBANEL C., FLEURENCE N., KAJA K., FLAHAUT E. and FELTIN N., “Correlative imaging of single graphene oxide flake including Raman microscopy technique: sample selection and limitations”, 9th International Conference on Advanced Applied Raman Spectroscopy (RamanFest 2022), Paris, France, 15-16 septembre 2022.

LODETTI S., DAVIS P.N., RITZMANN D., WRIGHT P.S., KHOKHLOV V., MEYER J., ISTRATE D., KASRI K., VAN DEN BROM H.E., YE G., VAN LEEUWEN R., GALLARRETA A. and DE LA VEGA D., “Comparison of laboratory and grid measurements of 9 kHz to 150 kHz appliance emissions”, 12th IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS 2022), Cagliari, Italy, 28-30 September 2022, DOI: 10.1109/AMPS55790.2022.9978783.

GAUTIER B., RICHERT D., DELERUYEL D. and PIQUEMAL F., “Modeling electrical measurements at the nanoscale”, Workshop Metrology for Energy Nanomaterials du GDR NAME / CNRS, LNE, Paris, France, 17 novembre 2022.

KAJA K., “Nano characterization in electricity (I): KPFM, and conductive AFM techniques”, Workshop Metrology for Energy Nanomaterials du GDR NAME / CNRS, LNE, Paris, France, 17 novembre 2022.

DJORDJEVIC S. and POIRIER W., “Towards a quantum electrical calibrator”, Session plénière du GDR MESO/CNRS Physique quantique mésoscopique, Aussois, France, 28 nov. - 1er décembre 2022.

AGAZAR M., ISTRATE D. and PRADAYROL P., “Temperature and vibration influence on instrument voltage transformer performance” Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

ALLAL D., GOC PHUNG G.N., ARZ U., MUBARAK F., FLISGEN T., SCHMIDT R. and SHANG X., “Uncertainties of on-wafer millimeter-wave and THz S-parameter measurements”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

ALLAL D., OUAMEUR M., KUHLMANN K. and STEIN F., “Traceable scattering parameter measurement in 4.3-10 coaxial line”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

HOFFMANN J., DE PREVILLE S., ECKMANN B., HERZOG B., HADDADI K., GRAMSE G., RICHERT D. and PIQUEMAL F., “Comparison of matching networks for scanning microwave microscopy”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

IMANALIEV A., THÉVENOT O., DOUGDAG K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Non -linearity of AH2700A capacitance bridges at the 0.1 ppm level”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

KAJA K., MORÁN-MEZA J.A., ZIANE D., RICHERT D. and PIQUEMAL F., “Accessing the loss tangent of dielectrics at the nanoscale: A novel approach in scanning microwave microscopy”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

KHAN M.-S., AGAZAR M. and LE BIHAN Y., “Design of a 0.5 MV nanosecond pulse measuring system for SI traceability”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12 - 16 December 2022.

LODETTI S., DAVIS P., RITZMANN D., KHOKHLOV V. and ISTRATE D., “Comparison of on-site LV network measurements”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

LODETTI S., DAVIS P.N., RITZMANN D., WRIGHT P.S., ISTRATE D., VAN DEN BROM H. and VAN LEEUWEN R., “Comparison of household appliances voltage emissions to compatibility levels in the 2 kHz to 150 kHz range”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

OUAMEUR M. ISTRATE D. and ZIADÉ F., “Improvement of the measurement set-up for high pulse currents at LNE up to 1 MHz”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

OUAMEUR M., ABDOURAHAMANE KASSOUM B., ZIADÉ F. and ALLAL D., “RF Characterization of N-UHF commercial adapters based on calculable adapters”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

PHAM T.-D., NGOC PHUNG G., LAHBACHA K., MAFFUCCI A., MIELE G., ARZ U. and ALLAL D., “On-wafer test structures for the evaluation of signal integrity and power integrity at chip level”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

PHAM T-D. and ALLAL D., “Uncertainty evaluation for permittivity measurements of tissue equivalent liquids by means of coaxial cells”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

PIQUEMAL F., HOFFMANN J., KAJA K., GAUTIER B., HERTWIG A., FABRICIUS N., KLAPETEK P., HÜSNÜ A., KAESTNER B., OZBAY A.G., BOROWIK L., HOUZÉ F., GRAMS G.E, HADDADI K. and DOBSON P., “ELENA: a European project for electrical nanoscale metrology in industry” , Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

RICHERT D., MORÁN-MEZA J.A., KAJA K., GAUTIER B., JOUIAD M., DOUGDAG K., ZIANE D. and PIQUEMAL F., “Nanoscale capacitance calibration using different AFM probes in scanning microwave microscopy”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

THÉVENOT O., IMANALIEV A., DOUGDAG K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Progress report on the LNE Thompson-Lampard calculable capacitor”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

VAN DEN BROM H., MELERO J., CUK V., FRIGO G., GALLO D., ISTRATE D., CROTTI G., BLAZ M., STEWART B. and YANG X., “Traceable Power Quality Measurements in DC Electricity Grids”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

VAN DEN BROM H.E., VAN LEEWEN R., YE G., HOOGENBOOM D., RIETVELD D., ISTRATE D., KASRI K., GALLARRETA A. and DE LA VEGA D., “A comparison of the light-QP method for (2 to 150) kHz emission measurements with the CISPR 16-1-1 method”, Conference on precision electromagnetic measurements (CPEM 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 12-16 December 2022.

Publications

DJORDJEVIC S., BEHR R., DRUNG D., GOTZ M. and POIRIER W., “Improvements of the programmable quantum current generator for better traceability of electrical current measurements”, Metrologia, 2021, 58, 4, 045005, DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/ac0503.

DOUMOURO J., PERROS E., DODU A., RAHBANY N., LEPRAT D. and POIRIER W., “Quantitative measurement of the thermal contact resistance between a glass microsphere and a plate”, Physical review applied, 15, 1, 014063, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.014063.

ELG A.P., GARNACHO F., AGAZAR M., STEINER T. and VOSS A., “Research project EMPIR 19ENG02 future energy”, VDE High Voltage Technology, 2021, 252-257, VDE Verlag, ISSN 978-380075355-0.

KAJA K., MARIOLLE D., CHEVALIER N., NAJA A. and JOUIAD M., “Erratum: Sub-10 nm spatial resolution for electrical properties measurements using bimodal excitation in electric force microscopy”, Review of Scientific Instruments, 92, 4, Erratum, 049901, DOI: 10.1063/5.0052231.

KAJA K., MARIOLLE D., CHEVALIER N., NAJA A. and JOUIAD M., “Sub-10nm spatial resolution for electrical properties measurements using bimodal excitation in electric force microscopy”, Review of Scientific Instruments, 92, 2, 023703, DOI: 10.1063/5.0038335.

KAZEMIPOUR A., HOFFMANN J., WOLLENSACK M., HUDLICKA M., RUFENACHT J., STALDER D., ALLAL D., GAUMANN G. and ZEIER M., “Standard load method: A new calibration technique for material characterization at terahertz frequencies”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2021, 70, 1007310, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2021.3077660.

MÉZIÈRES N., FUCHS B., LE COQ L., LERAT J-M., CONTRERES R. and LE FUR G., “On the antenna position to improve the radiation pattern characterization”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69, 9, 5335-5344, DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3060894.

MÉZIÈRES N., FUCHS B., LE COQ L., LERAT J-M., CONTRERES R. and LE FUR G., “Fast antenna characterization improvement by pattern rotations”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69, 5, 9234653, 2952-2957, DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3031479.

MOULOUA D., KOTBI A., DEOKAR G., KAJA K., EL MARSSI M., EL KHAKANI M.A. and JOUIAD M., “Recent progress in the synthesis of MoS2 thin films for sensing, photovoltaic and plasmonic applications : A review”, Materials, 2021, 14, 3283., DOI: 10.3390/ma14123283.

PIQUEMAL F., MORAN-MEZA J., DELVALLEE A., RICHERT D., KAJA K., “Progress in traceable nanoscale capacitance measurements using scanning microwave microscopy”, Nanomaterials, 2021, 11, 3, 820, DOI: 10.3390/nano11030820.

POIRIER W., « L’ampère et les unités électriques : de l'électrodynamique à la mécanique quantique », 3EI, 2021, n°105, 49-58.

POIRIER W., « L’unité ampère : de l’électrodynamique à la mécanique quantique », REE Revue de l'électricité et de l'électronique (REE), SEE, 2021, n°2, 88-89.

POIRIER W., LEPRAT D. and SCHOPFER F., “A resistance bridge based on a cryogenic current comparator targeting sub-10-9 measurement uncertainties”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2021, 70, 9143174, 1000314, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2020.3010111.

RICHERT D., MORAN-MEZA J., KAJA K., GAUTIER B., DELVALLEE A., ALLAL D. and PIQUEMAL F., “Traceable nanoscale measurements of high dielectric constant by scanning microwave microscopy”, Nanomaterials, 2021, 11, 11, 3104, DOI: 10.3390/nano11113104.

ŞEN O., ÇINAR M., KRIZ A., PAVLÍČEK T., LERAT J.-M., WOJCIECHOWSKI M., PINTER B., RODRÍGUEZ M. and PYTHOUD F., “EURAMET supplementary comparison on calibration of RF current monitoring probe”, Metrologia, 2021, 58, 1A, 01004, DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/58/1A/01004.

Communications

PHAM T.D., ALLAL D., ZIADÉ F., and BERGEAULT E., “On-wafer traceable mixed-mode S-parameter calibration”, EuMW2020 - EuMC Workshop W18, Online conference, 11 janvier 2021.

MÉZIÈRES N., FUCHS B., CONTRERES R. and LE FUR G., “On the antenna positioning for a faster and better radiation pattern characterization”, 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2021), Online conference, n° 9411316, 22-26 March 2021 .

SCHOPFER F., “Graphene-based nanodevices for quantum electrical metrology, Formation dans le module « Introduction aux nanomatériaux”, PSL Week – MinesParisTech, Paris, France, 11 mars 2021.

SCHOPFER F., « La Nanométrologie pour la caractérisation des propriétés de matériaux à base de graphène », 2nd Workshop on Nanomaterials-Nanostructuration du GDR NAME (Nanomaterials for Energy Applications), Online conference, 1er avril 2021.

KAJA K., « La métrologie pour les dispositifs récupérateurs d’énergie à base de nanofils », 3rd Workshop on Nanomaterials-Nanostructuration du GDR NAME, Online conference, 6 avril 2021.

GOMÈS S., GRASSET F., MERABIA S. and PIQUEMAL F., “Working group 1: Nanomaterials-Nanostructuration”, Réunion plénière du GDR NAME, Online conference, 19 mai 2021.

PIQUEMAL F., « Réseau national de la métrologie française : le LNE et le LNE-LNHB », Plenary meetings GDR NAME, Online conference, 20 mai 2021.

MORÁN-MEZA J., RICHERT D., DELVALLÉE A., KAJA K. and PIQUEMAL F., “Determination of high permittivity from calibrated capacitance measurements using Scanning Microwave Microscopy”, Altech 2021, 1er juin 2021.

BRAND U., LHI Z., BOARINO L., CARA E., PIQUEMAL F., DUCOURTIEUX S., GARNAES J., GOTSZALK T., HOUZÉ F., KLAPETEK P., KOOPS R. and RODRIGUEZ VIEJO J., “EMPIR project Nanowires: High throughput metrology for nanowire energy harvesting devices”, ALTECH 2021, 2 juin 2021.

DJORDJEVIC S., POIRIER W., BEHR R., GÖTZ M. and DRUNG D., “Programmable quantum current generator for traceability of electrical current measurements”, EURAMET TC-EM, SC DCQM, Online conference, 2-3 juin 2021.

THÉVENOT O., IMANALIEV A. and DOUGDAG K., “Development of Thompson Lampard calculable capacitor at LNE”, EURAMET TC-EM, SC Low Frequency Meeting, Online conference, 14-15 juin 2021.

OUAMEUR M. and ZIADE F., “Design of low impedance standard defined in a four-terminal-pair configuration”, 7th World Congress on Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems and Sciences (EECSS’21), Online conference, DOI: 10.11159/eee21.117, 29-31 July 2021.

OUAMEUR M., VASCONCELLOS R. and AGAZAR M., “A PXI Modules-Based Voltage Injection System for AC Resistors Calibration”, 7th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (IEEE ICSIMA 2021), Bandung, Indonesia, 257-260, DOI: 10.1109/ICSIMA50015.2021.9526291, 23-25 August 2021.

KHAN M.S., AGAZAR M. and LE BIHAN Y., “Development of a standard measuring system for the characterization of high voltage nanosecond pulses”, 8th Euro-Asian Pulsed Power Conference (EAPPC-BEAMS-MG), Biarritz, France, 29 August – 2 Sept. 2021.

SCHOPFER F., “User-friendly SI Quantum electrical standards with graphene”, IMEKO TC25 meeting on “Advances and Directions in Quantum Metrology”, 30 August 2021.

ALLAL D. and ZIADÉ F., “Measurement capability extensions in RF quantities in the domain of power and S parameters”, 20e Congrès international de métrologie (CIM 2021), Lyon, France, 7-9 sept. 2021, n° 174.

COUEDO F., THEVENOT O. et al., « Le projet EMPIR GIQS : étalon quantique d’impédance en graphène » / “The EMPIR Project GIQS: Graphene Impedance Quantum Standard”, 20e Congrès international de métrologie (CIM 2021), Lyon, France, 7-9 sept. 2021, n° 103.

LI Z., PIQUEMAL F. et al., “High throughput metrology for nanowire energy harvesting devices”, 20e Congrès international de métrologie (CIM 2021), Lyon, France, 7-9 sept. 2021, n° 104.

PIQUEMAL F., KAJA K. and MORAN J., “High throughput reliable nanoelectrical characterisation of NW solar cells”, 20e Congrès international de métrologie (CIM 2021), Session spéciale « NanoWires », Lyon, France, 7-9 sept. 2021.

RICHERT D., MORÁN-MEZA J.A., DELVALLÉE A., KAJA K., ALLAL D. and PIQUEMAL F., “Traceable nanoscale measurements of broadband dielectric constant by use of a scanning microwave microscope”, URSI GASS 2021, 1er septembre 2021 (online conf.). AGAZAR M. and SAADEDINNE H., “Studying the use of voltage amplifiers to generate microsecond rise time impulses up to 900 V”, 20e Congrès international de métrologie (CIM 2021), Lyon, France, 7-9 sept. 2021, n° 114.

SAADEDDINE H. and AGAZAR M., « Soutien à une normalisation des tests à haute tension avec des formes d’ondes composites et combinées » / “Support for standardisation of high voltage testing with composite and combined wave shape”, 20e Congrès international de métrologie (CIM 2021), Lyon, France, 7-9 sept. 2021, n° 122.

THEVENOT O., PIQUEMAL F., IMANALIEV A. and DOUGDAG K., « La traçabilité du Farad au SI au LNE » / “SI traceability of the Farad at LNE”, 20e Congrès international de métrologie (CIM 2021), Lyon, France, 7-9 sept. 2021, n° 109.

LI Z., PIQUEMAL F. et al., “High throughput metrology of energy harvesting devices based on nanowires”, 47th international conference on Micro and Nano Engineering (MNE2021), Torino, Italy, Online conference, 20-23 sept. 2021.

GOMÈS S., GRASSET F., MERABIA S. and PIQUEMAL F., “Overview and perspectives about WG1 and Round table on Current projects and calls about Nanomaterials for Energy”, Réunion plénière du GDR NAME (Nanomaterials for Energy Applications), ESIEE, Noisy le Grand, France, 4-6 oct. 2021.

KAJA K., RICHERT D., MORAN J. and PIQUEMAL F., “An Overview of scanning probe microscopy – based nano electrical metrology”, Réunion plénière du GDR NAME (Nanomaterials for Energy Applications), ESIEE, Noisy le Grand, France, 4-6 oct. 2021.

OUAMEUR M., VASCONCELLOS R. and AGAZAR M., “A double precision arbitrary waveform generator based calibration system for low-value AC resistors up to 20 kHz”, 12th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEEE IEMCON 2021), Vancouver, BC, Canada, Online conference, DOI: 10.1109/IEMCON53756.2021.962318527-30 Oct. 2021.

AGAZAR M., SAADEDDINE H., MEISNER J., GERDINAND F., PASSON S. and PILLET J.M., “Determination of voltage dependence of capacitance in 100 kV and 300 kV compressed gas capacitors using kenitic method”, 22nd International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Xi’an, Chine, Online conference, 25-26 November 2021, 503-508, DOI: 10.1049/icp.2022.0052.

SAADEDDINE H., AGAZAR M. and MEISNER J., “Reference Calibrator For Combined And Composite High Voltage Impulse Tests”, 22nd International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH 2021), Xi'an, Shaanxi, Online conference, 21-25 November 2021.

PhD abstract

This thesis deals with the characterization of antenna radiation patterns to improve the use of existing measurement systems. Two approaches are proposed in order to speed up the measurement of these radiation patterns, which is achieved by reducing the required number of field samples. The first one exploits the sparse spherical wave expansion of the field radiated by antennas. It only requires knowing the maximum electrical dimension of the antenna. The second approach exploits the antenna external geometry and the measurement surface shape in order to build numerically an expansion basis tailored to the characterization problem. For both techniques, the minimal number of required field samples and an estimation of the field acquisition time at the IETR facilities are given, showing their potentialities to speed up the antenna measurements. Besides, an optimization strategy of the antenna positioning in post-processing is proposed. This procedure improves the quality of the reconstructed antenna radiation pattern from a given measurement. All the proposed methods have been validated using numerical and experimental datasets from various antenna types, different operating frequency bands and measured in several facilities, demonstrating thereby their versatility and generality.

Key words

electromagnetism, metrology, antennas, sparse recovery, finite elements

Publications

PIQUEMAL F., "Present and future mass standards for the LNE watt balance and the future dissemination of the mass unit in France", Metrologia, 53, 2016, 1139-1153, DOI:10.1088/0026-1394/53/4/1139

PINOT P., ESPEL P., LIU Y., THOMAS M., ZIANE D., PALACIOS-RESTREPO M.-A. et PIQUEMAL F., "Static phase improvements in the LNE watt balance", Review of Scientific Instruments, 87, 2016, DOI: 10.1063/1.4964293

THOMAS M., ESPEL P., ZIANE D., PIQUEMAL F., PINOT P., JUNCAR P., SILVESTRI Z., PLIMMER M., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., MERLET S. BEAUDOUX F., BENTOUATI D., BRUNET F., JEANJACQUOT P. et MADEC T., « Approche du LNE pour la réalisation et la mise en pratique du kilogramme dans sa nouvelle définition », Revue française de métrologie, 2017, 49-57, DOI: 10.1051/rfm/2016015

 

Communication

ESPEL P., THOMAS M., ZIANE D., PINOT P. et PIQUEMAL F., "Static Phase Improvements in the LNE watt balance", Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2016), Ottawa, Canada, , DOI: 10.1109/CPEM.2016.7540579, 10-15 juillet 2016.

 

Publication

THOMAS M., ZIANE D., PINOT P., KARCHER R., IMANALIEV A., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., MERLET S., PIQUEMAL F. et ESPEL P., "A determination of the Planck constant using the LNE Kibble balance in air", Metrologia, 54, 2017, DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/aa7882

 

Communications

BEAUDOUX F., PINOT P., ESPEL P., THOMAS M., SILVESTRI Z., ZIANE D. et PIQUEMAL F., « Dissémination en France de l’unité de masse après sa redéfinition », RFQM, Nantes, France, 27 - 30 mars 2017.

 

THOMAS M., ZIANE D., PINOT P., PIQUEMAL F. et ESPEL P., "Planck constant determinations at LNE/CNAM", KBTM2017, Beijing, République populaire de Chine, octobre 2017.